This bibliography, which does not pretend to be comprehensive or exhaustive, includes selected citations to publications about the Elwha River. Scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles, government publications, books, popular magazine articles, unpublished works, theses, and audiovisual materials are included. A few works of history and poetry inspired by the Elwha River are included.

Web sites on the surface Web are mostly excluded, with a few local exceptions, such as the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Elwha River Restoration Project Web site and the Olympic National Park Elwha River Restoration Web site. Newspaper articles are also not included.

Some of the document databases searched include ABI/INFORM, Academic Search Premier, Agricola, ArticleFirst, BasicBIOSIS, Dissertation Abstracts International, GeoRefS, Google Scholar, Highwire, InfoTrac OneFile, IngentaConnect, Library of Congress, Peninsula College Library Catalog, ProQuest, Summit Orbis Cascade Alliance Union Catalog, University of British Columbia Library Catalog, and WorldCat.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Boyd, Colleen E. (2006). "That Government Man Tried to Poison All the Klallam Indians: Metanarratives of History and Colonialism on the Central Northwest Coast." Ethnohistory 53(2): 331-354. (Highwire).

Stories about the past offer important clues for understanding how people articulate the role of history within different cultural contexts. Coast Salish narratives collected by John P. Harrington concerning early colonial encounters on the Olympic Peninsula reveal indigenous methods for engaging and representing the past. Telling stories about the colonial period enabled Klallam people to frame traumatic cultural ruptures on their own terms. Two brief narratives analyzed here illustrate that such stories are not raw data to be turned into "real" history by Western academics but instead are evidence of a coeval Coast Salish historiography..

Chatterjee, Pratap. (1997, May 17). "Dam busting. (demolishing old dams)(includes related article on the effort to rejuvenate the Elwha River in Washington state)." New Scientist 154 (2082): 34(4). (InfoTrac).

Local communities and environmentalist groups lobbying for the demolition of dams are making headway with several dams already brought down all over the US. However, the bigger problem becomes apparent in the aftermath of these demolitions when improper disposal of toxic sediments gradually destroy the delicate balance of animal life. Meanwhile, a study reveals that dam maintenance and repair may evidently cost more than its demolition, which makes environmentalists more hopeful that dam engineers would think twice before building these large structures or simply letting them stand..

Gowan, Charles, Kurt Stephenson, et al. (2006). "The role of ecosystem valuation in environmental decision making: Hydropower relicensing and dam removal on the Elwha River." Ecological economics : the journal of the International Society for Ecological Economics 56(4): 16. Elsevier, English 0921-8009. (Article First).

Greaves, Tom. (2002). "Examining Indigenous Rights to Culture in North America." Cultural Dynamics 14(2): 121-142. (Highwire).

Indian tribal groups in the United States and Canada are vigorously asserting cultural ownership of the content of cultures with which they identify, ownership rights that allow them to prevent others from appropriating that content, or to use it only with conditions. Additionally, they assert the right to their own cultural futures, to practice an evolving cultural form with sufficient natural and fiscal resources to be viable, and the right to be treated respectfully by the dominant society. These rights claims take various forms, and have encountered varying levels of success. Five types of rights assertions are reviewed here..

Loomis, John. (2002). "Quantifying recreation use values from removing dams and restoring free-flowing rivers; a contingent behavior travel cost demand model for the lower Snake River." Water Resources Research 38, no. 6(6). illus. incl. 4 tables United States American Geophysical Union ; 0043-1397 WRERAQ Serial. (GeoRefS).

Loomis, J. B. (1996). "Measuring the economic benefits of removing dams and restoring the Elwha River: Results of a contingent valuation survey." Water Resources Research 32(2): 441-447. 0043-1397. (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts).

McHenry, M.L., E. Shott, R.H. Conrad, and G.B. Grette. 1998. Changes in the quantity and characteristics of large woody debris in streams of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA. (1982-1993). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55: 1395-1407.

Novacek, Michael J. and Elsa E. Cleland. (2001). "The current biodiversity extinction event: Scenarios for mitigation and recovery." PNAS 98(10): 5466-5470. (Highwire).

Pizzuto, Jim. (2002). "Effects of dam removal on river form and process." Bioscience 52(8): 683-691. Word Count: 5948. Washington. ISSN: 00063568. (ProQuest).

Although many well-established concepts of fluvial geomorphology are relevant for evaluating the effects of dam removal, geomorphologists remain unable to forecast stream channel changes caused by the removal of specific dams. The geomorphic effects of dam removal can be significantly influenced by different strategies of design, management and construction..

Pohl, Molly. (2004). "Channel bed mobility downstream from the Elwha Dams, Washington." The Professional Geographer 56(3): 422-431. illus. incl. 2 tables, sketch map ; United States Association of American Geographers. ISSN 0033-0124. (GeoRefS).

Dams are a major source of fragmentation and degradation of rivers. Although substantial research has been conducted on the environmental impacts of large structures in the United States, smaller dams have received less attention. This study evaluated the impact of two dams of moderate size, the Elwha Dams, on the downstream channel system using field data collection at river cross-sections. The relationship of average boundary shear stress (tau (sub o) ) to critical shear stress (tau (sub cr) ) served as the basis for determining channel bed material mobility under the two-year and ten-year flood events. The channel had the greatest channel bed mobility at the natural cross-section upstream from the dams, low bed mobility between the structures, and an increase in channel bed mobility in the low gradient river segment near the mouth of the river. Low bed mobility tended to be associated with a lack of channel system complexity, including reduction or loss of bars and low alluvial terraces and their associated young riparian communities. Although these run-of-the-river dams do not modify streamflow greatly, the loss of sediment from the channel system has had a substantial impact on bed mobility and geomorphic and biotic complexity of the Elwha River..

Shafroth, Patrick B., Jonathan M. Friedman, et al. (2002). "Potential responses of riparian vegetation to dam removal." Bioscience 52(8): 703-712. Word Count: 6325. Washington. ISSN: 00063568. (ProQuest).

Dam removal generally causes changes to aspects of the physical environment that influence the establishment and growth of riparian vegetation. Given the well-documented importance of fluvial geomorphic and hydrologic conditions in structuring riparian vegetation, botanists and plant ecologists should seek collaborations with physical scientists and couple plant response models to models used to estimate water and sediment dynamics following dam removal..

Stephenson, Kurt and Leonard Shabman. (2001). "The role of nonmarket valuation in hydropower relicensing: An application of a pattern modeling approach." Journal of Economic Issues 35(2): 497-504. Word Count: 3150. Lincoln. ISSN: 00213624. (ProQuest).

Despite claims of many economists that nonmarket valuation of environmental services can serve an important role in environmental decision making, results from pattern modeling analysis suggest that FERC relicensing process has not made use of these techniques. There does not exist strong evidence to suggest that the failure to use nonmarket valuation techniques is resulting in decisions that are a detriment to the environment. Economic analysis contributes in a number of ways to the FERC decision process. Economists who refine or critique FERC power analysis by conducting more extensive research on price elasticities for power and partial equilibrium price analysis of the power industry contribute to the decision making. Conventional demand analysis of alternative recreational opportunities is another potential contribution. Research could investigate how the structure of negotiation processes facilitates the inclusion and engagement of interested parties and the development of mutually satisfactory outcomes..

Zhao, J. and D. Zilberman. (1999). "Irreversibility and restoration in natural resource development." Oxf. Econ. Pap. 51(3): 559-573. (Highwire).

We extend Real Option Theory to evaluate natural resource development projects that may bring negative net benefits and require costly restoration. Based on a new concept, irreversibility cost, we show that the degree of irreversibility becomes an endogenous choice, rather than an exogenously given economic constraint. Fixed costs of restoration have continuous impacts, over and above the widely recognized fixed effects, on development and restoration levels (and the marginal q). The project's value may not necessarily be convex in the underlying random variable, and discounting may in fact encourage the pattern of developing now and restoring later..

AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS

(2005). "Profile: Carefully deconstructing dams in Washington state." National Public Radio. All Things Considered: Washington, D.C. November 30, 2005.

Scientists are trying to figure out how best to remove two large, century-old dams on the Elwha River in Washington state. Removing a dam, especially a big one, is not simple. It can release huge amounts of sediment and actually worsen the river's ecology. These are the largest dams ever slated for removal in the United States.

Chastain, Marvin and Rescue Elwha Area Lakes (Organization). (1994). Rescue Elwha area lakes (videorecording). Port Angeles, WA, Rescue Elwha Area Lakes. 1 videocassette (VHS) (21 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. produced by Rescue Elwa Area Lakes ; script Marvin Chastain. (WorldCat).

Presents the opposing view to the plan to destroy the dams on the Elwha River. The existing wildlife living on the lakes created by the dams and alternative salmon recovery plans are emphasized..

Grant, Harry, Brian Winter, et al. (2001). Indian law symposium (videorecording). Olympia, WA, TVW. 2 videocassettes (125 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Native American law : Elwha restoration project Condit Damn [sic] removal and FERC. Running title. Incorrect title, Ethical issues in publication, is given in the title frame. Incorrect date, Aug. 14, 2001, is given in the title frame. Lecture series presented by the University of Washington Evans School of Public Affairs. Speakers: Harry Edward Grant, Brian Winter, Shawn Cantrell, Michael O'Connell, Tim Weaver, Bob Heineth. (WorldCat).

The symposium features speeches on two related themes: the restoration of the dam on the Elwha river, and the removal of the dam on the White Salmon River. Speakers discuss the conflicts between corporate interests, natural resource protection, and treaty rights, as well as overall safety concerns..

Lundahl, Robert and Gary Farmer. (2002). Unconquering the last frontier (videorecording). Oley, PA, Bullfrog Films. 1 videocassette (57 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. a Robert Lundahl film. (WorldCat).

Documents the story of the Elwha River from the late 1800's to the present, showing the effects of the Elwha dams on the Klallam tribe, the salmon population, and the city of Port Angeles, Washington..

Lundahl, Robert, Gary Farmer, et al. (2000). Unconquering the last frontier (videorecording). San Francisco, Calif., Evolution Film. 1 videocassette (1 hr., 40 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. a Robert Lundahl film.

Historic saga of the damming and undamming of Washington's Elwha River. (WorldCat).

Conference Proceedings

Atkins, Vance D. and Mark P. Burk Robert L. Molinari. (2003). Quaternary geology of the lower Elwha River valley, Clallam County, Washington. 35: 80. In: Geological Society of America, 2003 annual meeting. Anonymous, Geological Society of America (GSA). Nov. 2-5. Seattle, WA United States. (GeoRefS).

The Quaternary geology of the lower Elwha River valley was mapped and investigated as part of a groundwater resource evaluation associated with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's planned removal of the Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams from the Elwha River near Port Angeles, Washington. The study consisted of existing data compilation and evaluation, geologic mapping, an electrical resistivity imaging survey, and exploratory borings/wells. The lower Elwha River valley is incised into the coastal plain extending from the north side of the Olympic Mountains to the coast of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and consists of two sub-basins separated by an approximately 200-foot wide narrows in Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The valley is located on the north limb of the Clallam syncline and is crossed by the Lower Elwha fault. This reverse (?) fault juxtaposes 35 degree dipping rocks of the Eocene lower Twin River and Crescent Formations, against Miocene upper Twin River strata. Late-Pleistocene Vashon till and recessional outwash locally cap the Tertiary rocks on the coastal plain. Within the valley, there are two inset fluvial terraces and three alluvial units above the active channel and flood plain. Distinct changes in subsurface alluvial stratigraphy across the Lower Elwha fault suggest Quaternary displacement on the fault. In addition, there is a possible paleo-shoreline in the lower sub-basin subsurface..

Dube, Kathy V. (2003). The effects of large dams on salmon spawning habitat in the Pacific Northwest. 35: 608. In: Geological Society of America, 2003 annual meeting. Anonymous, Geological Society of America (GSA). 1 table Nov. 2-5 Seattle, WA United States. (GeoRefS).

Growth and development of the Pacific Northwest region in the 20 (super th) century included the construction of large dams on many river systems for flood control and/or hydroelectric power production. At the time dams were constructed, the effects on anadromous salmonid populations were not considered to the same extent they are today. Large dams have many effects on the ecology of migrating fish populations, including changing the transport dynamics of sediment and large woody debris and alteration of downstream aquatic habitat. Anadromous salmon bury their eggs in redds (nests) in gravel substrate (12-64 mm-depending on fish size). Most river systems in the Pacific Northwest are gravel and cobble-bedded, providing a variety of spawning habitats for different fish species. Large dams trap sediment and large woody debris and decrease peak flows, altering the downstream sediment supply, storage, and transport dynamics. While the general effect is a coarser grain size and reduction in the availability of gravel immediately downstream of the dam, studies of a number of river systems affected by reservoirs show that the effects in a specific river system depend on a number of factors, including stream gradient, confinement, presence of tributaries, and degree of peak flow attenuation. The downstream extent of the coarsening also varies depending on the presence or absence of sediment supply below the dams. Table 1. Comparison of upstream and downstream characteristics in river systems with large reservoirs: Lower Lewis River, WA, large degree of peak flow reduction, 0.06% gradient, confined, D (sub 50) = 40-60 mm sediment characteristics; Cowlitz River, WA, gravel/cobble sediment characteristics upstream of dam, large degree of peak flow reduction, 0.18% gradient, unconfined, D (sub 50) = 45-50 mm; Upper Lewis River, WA, large degree of peak flow reduction, 0.5% gradient, unconfined, cobble/boulder sediment; North Umpqua River, OR, D (sub 50) = 30-40 mm sediment characteristics upstream of dam, large degree of peak flow reduction, 0.5% gradient, confined, D (sub 50) = 45-50 mm sediment characteristics; Elwha River, WA, D (sub 50) = 60-80 mm sediment characteristics upstream of dam, little degree of peak flow reduction, 0.6% gradient, confined, D (sub 50) = 110-160 mm sediment characteristics; North Fork Skokomish, WA, cobble/gravel sediment characteristics upstream of dam, extreme degree of peak flow reduction, 1.3% gradient, confined, cobble w/gravel sediment characteristics; Nisqually River, WA, cobble/gravel sediment characteristics upstream of dam, large degree of peak flow reduction, 8.0% gradient, confined, boulder/bedrock sediment characteristics..

Grant, Gordon and Greg Bromley Chris Stewart. (2005). New insights into the geomorphic response of rivers to dam removal from field and laboratory studies. 37: 328. In: Geological Society of America, 2005 annual meeting. Anonymous, Geological Society of America (GSA). Oct. 16-19 Salt Lake City, UT United States. (GeoRefS).

About 75,000 irrigation, flood control, and hydropower dams in the United States are aging, deteriorating, or have outlived their useful lives and purposes. Not surprisingly, dam removal is emerging as both a challenge and opportunity for river management and research. Scientists at the Pacific Northwest Research Station in Corvallis, Oregon, are using scale models and monitoring actual dam removals to predict the responses of rivers to various dam removal scenarios. Of particular concern is the fate of sediments that have accumulated behind the dams. Reservoirs created by small dams are often completely filled with sediment and no longer store water. In these situations, the dam can be removed in one stage with only moderate impacts downriver. In contrast, reservoirs behind large dams typically still store water and are only partially filled with sediment. For this reason, large dams must be removed slowly by progressively notching the top of the dam. Through this method, the volume and quality of sediment released can be controlled or at least predicted. Information generated by this research is being used to guide the dam removal process for two high-visibility projects--one on the Sandy River in Oregon scheduled for 2007 and another on the Elwha River in Washington scheduled for 2008. The experience gained through these and other removals will be used to develop pre-removal monitoring protocols for dam removals throughout the United States. As larger dam removals are carried out, opportunities arise to learn how rivers erode and digest sediment that has been stored behind the nation's many dams and the consequences for downstream resources..

Harbor, Jonathan M. (1993). Proposed measures to alleviate the environmental impacts of hydroelectric dams on the Elwha River, Washington, U.S.A. In: Industrial and agricultural impacts on the hydrologic environment. Y. Eckstein and A. Zaporozec. Alexandria, VA, Water Environment Federation. illus. incl. 4 tables ; May 16-21 Washington, DC United States (GeoRefS).

Dams built for power generation, water supply and flood control have significant environmental impacts as a result of their disruption of the hydrologic environment. In the U.S., hydroelectric projects typically operate under 50-year licenses from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, with license renewal normally requiring an assessment of measures to alleviate known environmental impacts. Re-licensing studies for two hydropower dams on the Elwha River, Washington, that currently provide about 170 GWh of electrical energy, are focusing on proposed measures to achieve three resource objectives: restoration of wild, self-sustaining runs of anadromous fish on the Elwha; restoration of natural conditions within Olympic National Park (much of the Elwha watershed is within the National Park); and provision of renewable hydroelectric energy. One option being considered for the Elwha system is dam removal. Although restoring natural sediment transport to the downstream section of the river, combined with erosion of up to 12X10 (super 6) m (super 3) of exposed reservoir sediments, could cause substantial channel aggradation, an increase in flooding and a decrease in water quality, these impacts would be significantly reduced if proposed measures to stabilize exposed reservoir sediments are effective. By controlled lowering of the reservoir, grading and revegetation of the exposed sediments, and construction of a "stable" channel, most of the reservoir sediments could be retained in the reservoir area. The dam removal option would achieve the objectives of restoring anadromous fish passage and the National Park Environment, but would result in the loss of an important source of renewable energy. The alternate option to dam removal consists of modifications to improve upstream and downstream fish passage (fish ladders, trap-and-haul facilities, increased flow during outmigration, and fish screens on penstocks). This option would allow for continued power generation, but would only partially achieve the objectives of restoring anadromous fish passage and the National Park Environment..

Pess, G. R., M. McHenry, et al. (2005, Dec.). Predicting ecosystem response to the removal of the Elwha River Dams, Washington State, USA. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #H11F-03

The Elwha River dams have disconnected the upper and lower Elwha watershed for over 90 years. This has resulted in a disruption to upstream salmonid migration and a 'loss' of 90% of the salmonid habitat. The dams have also interrupted the downstream movement of both sediment and wood, leading to such inputs being dominated by local sources (e.g., bank erosion and avulsions). The current salmon habitat, as well as salmonid abundance and distribution, reflects these changes. Current salmonid populations (several of which are hatchery-dominated) are either dramatically smaller than estimated historical population or extirpated. Nevertheless, salmonid populations do persist below the dams in part because channel incision has not been significant, and floodplain habitats remain an important component of the Elwha River ecosystem. Impending removal of these dams presents an opportunity to explore linkages among changes in salmonid populations, sediment supply, in-channel wood abundance, and habitat and ecosystem attributes. Sampling of ecosystem attributes before and after dam removal, as well as in nearby reference rivers will elucidate functional relationships among salmonid populations, sediment and wood supply, formation and persistence of river and floodplain habitats, and resultant ecosystem dynamics. Dam removal will (1) reconnect upstream habitats increasing salmonid carrying capacity, and (2) allow the downstream movement of sediment and wood leading to long-term aquatic habitat improvements. Both large-scale changes will allow salmonid populations to rebuild on a watershed-scale. We hypothesize that the salmonid recolonization will be concentrated in several large alluvial valleys in the Middle and Upper Elwha. .

EDITED WORK S

Amundson, Mavis. (1994). Sturdy folk : personal accounts of life and work on the Olympic Peninsula. 5th. Port Angeles, Wash.: Western Gull Pub. edited by Mavis Amundson. ill., map, ports. ; 22 cm. Includes index.

Working on the railroad / Edward N. Lee -- Waitress in Port Angeles / Myrel Rand Earlywine -- Frontier theater owner / Al Fernandes -- Running for office / Arthur J. Munson -- Journalist / Marion Sebastian -- Jack-of-all-trades / Francis "Bud" Schmitt -- Hard worker / Lillian Pullen -- Sharing the load / Anne Hanowell -- Logging camp cook / Betty Blake -- Lumberjack livelihood / Corbin Cook -- Early rangers / Will Muller -- Logger / Ernest Hanowell -- Farming in Sequim / Georgetta Larson -- Haying season / Esther Heuhslein Nelson -- Producing seed peas / Dorothy Ludke -- Faith overcomes hardships / Beverly Porter -- West End bride / Ella Brager Paul -- This old house / Genevieve Miller -- Living off the land / John Cowan -- Newcomers in Quilcene / Frieda Schauer Imislund -- Logging camp childhood / Ruth Keeney Perrigoue -- Early days on the coast / Ethel Sands Gullikson -- Road to Hurricane Ridge / Keith Engelson -- Bogachiel Garden Club / Inez Halverson -- A President's visit / Mary Lou Hanify -- Small town boyhood / Tony Masi -- A teenager in the 1930s / Mary Lou Hanify -- Strong-willed grandma / Elsa Schmidt (Aha Blip) -- On the waterfront / Fran Nelson -- Fishing the Elwha / Bill Cargo -- Meeting the challenges / Margaret Anderson. 0961091029. (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

Novacek, Michael J. and American Museum of Natural History. (2001). The biodiversity crisis : losing what counts. New York: New Press : Distributed by W.W. Norton. 223 ill., maps 24 cm. "An American Museum of Natural History book." Includes bibliographical references.

Biodiversity: wildlife in trouble / Edward O. Wilson -- Profile: Abebe Getahun -- What's this biodiversity and what's it done for us today? / Norman Myers -- Case study: the Audubon guide to seafood -- Deforestation in the tropics / Robert C. Repetto -- Biodiversity and human health / Francesca T. Grifo -- Profile: Kevin Browngoehl -- Biodiversity: what it is and why we need it / Paul R. Ehrlich, Simon A. Levin -- Hot spots / David Ehrenfeld -- Case study: the Green Guerillas, New York City -- What have we lost, what are we losing? / Peter H. Raven -- Profile: Amy Vedder -- Chemical prospecting: the new natural history / Thomas Eisner -- Profile: Dolores R. Santoliquido -- Evolution, extinction, and humanity's place in nature / Niles Eldredge -- Case study: St. Lucia parrot recovery -- Profile: Clare Flemming -- The 40,000-year plague: humans, hyperdisease, and first-contact extinctions / Ross D.E. MacPhee, Preston A. Marx -- Prehistoric extinctions and ecological changes on Oceanic Islands / Helen F. James -- Case study: brown-eyed, milk-giving... and extinct: losing mammals since A.D. 1500 -- Global warming, loss of habitat, and pollution: introduction to "Thompson's ice corps," "nest gains, nest losses," and "hormonal sabotage" / Kefyn M. Catley -- Thompson's ice corps / Mark Bowen -- Nest gains, nest losses / Scott K. Robinson -- Case study: Lake Victoria -- Hormonal sabotage / Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, John Peterson Myers -- Case study: reefs in crisis -- The new geologic force: man / Fairfield Osborn -- Profile: Jane Goodall -- Case study: Humpback Whale Conservation Genetics Project, Madagascar -- Conservation biology and wildlife management in America: a historical perspective / Curt Meine -- Profile: Jaime A. Pinkham -- Managing the biosphere: the essential role of systematic biology / Joel Cracraft -- Case study: Wilderness Preservation Act, U.S.A. -- How to grow a wildland: the gardenification of nature / Daniel H. Janzen -- Case study: the Belize Ethnobotany Reserve project -- Profile: Penelope Bodry-Sanders -- The economic value of earth's resources / Graciela Chichilnisky -- Profile: Michael Balick -- Case study: Jaguars -- Strategies and solutions: mapping the biodiversity / Prashant M. Hedao -- Community-based approaches for combining conservation and development / Nick Salafsky -- Case study: restoration of the Elwha River by dam removal, Washington -- No free lunch in the rain forest / Charles M. Peters. 1565845706 (pbk.). (Agricola).

Schwartz, Maurice L. and Jim Johannessen. (1998). Dam removal and the Elwha River delta; a progress report. In: World deltas symposium. J. M. Coleman and G. W. Stone. Baton Rouge, LA, Louisiana State University. Aug. 23-28 New Orleans, LA United States. (GeoRefS).

Warrick, Jonathan A., Guy Johannessen Jim Gelfenbaum, et al. (2005). Dam removal as nearshore restoration; patterns and processes of the Elwha River coastal system. 37: 329. In: Geological Society of America, 2005 annual meeting. Anonymous, Geological Society of America (GSA). Oct. 16-19 Salt Lake City, UT United States (GeoRefS).

Dams on the Elwha River of the Olympic Peninsula have reduced sediment transport in the river for almost a century. Following dam removal, which is slated to begin in 2008, over 14 million cubic meters of mixed grain-size sediments will be exposed in the former reservoirs, a portion of which will erode and transport to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Increased supply of sediment to the strait may end, or perhaps reverse, the current trend of erosion along the river delta and adjacent shoreline. Here we describe the history of shoreline evolution along the Elwha River delta and detail monitoring plans to track nearshore changes following dam removal. Historic data document a general trend of erosion along the delta resulting in a net loss of approx. 65,000 sq. meters of land between 1926 and 1995, although variability in erosion rates is observed over both space and time. Continued monitoring of the shoreface is planned by both U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe (LEKT) scientists. USGS scientists have also implemented a research program that includes beach and nearshore mapping, process (wave and current) monitoring, and numerical modeling of sediment dispersal. Here we will present preliminary results of this work including high-resolution seabed maps of bathymetry and sediment type and changes in the nearshore bathymetry and beach topography from semi-annual mapping using RTK GPS technologies..

Wray, Jacilee and Olympic Peninsula Intertribal Cultural Advisory Committee. (2002). Native peoples of the Olympic Peninsula : who we are. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press. by the Olympic Peninsula Intertribal Cultural Advisory Committee ; edited by Jacilee Wray.

Elwha Klallam / Jamie Valadez -- Jamestown S'Klallam / Trina Bridges and Kathy Duncan -- Port Gamble S'Klallam / Gina Beckwith, Marie Hebert and Tallis Woodward -- Skokomish : Twana decendants / Skokomish Culture and Art Committee -- Squaxin Island / Teresa Henderson, Andi VanderWal, and the Squaxin Island Heritage and Culture Committee -- Quinault / Justine E. James, Jr. with Leilani A. Chubby -- Hoh / Viola Riebe and Helen Lee -- Quileute / Chris Morganroth III -- Makah / Melissa Peterson and the Makah Cultural and Research Center. 0806133945 (hardcover alk. paper. (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

Young, Robert S. (2004). Conducting research in the national parks; addressing needs as a pathway to opportunities. 36: 553. In: Geological Society of America, 2004 annual meeting. Anonymous, Geological Society of America (GSA). Nov. 7-10 Denver, CO United States (GeoRefS).

Our national parks are being squeezed in many ways: land use change on park borders, budgets that can't keep up with visitor demands, park scientists and resource managers stretched thin. These difficulties provide interested researchers with opportunities to help fill in the gaps while completing meaningful scientific research projects. All that is needed is a little persistence and a willingness to craft projects that can meet a specific resource management goal of an individual park. The parks seldom have big dollar funding, but collaboration can produce partnerships that are very attractive to funding agencies. The author's experiences have included externally funded coastal hazards research at Cape Lookout National Seashore, local NPS funded projects examining wetland and bald evolution in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Blue Ridge Parkway, on-going coastal restoration projects at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore and Channel Islands National Park, and finally, a sabbatical leave with the Elwha River Restoration Project at Olympic National Park. The key to success is being able to understand the needs of overworked park managers and scientists, while crafting projects that will help them reach their goals rather than adding to their responsibilities. This sensitivity can allow one to develop long-term working relationships that will benefit both the park and researcher. Once a relationship is established, small funds to meet individual park needs can be easily distributed through the Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (CESU) agreements. These are regional agreements of grant management between federal agencies and universities. A resourceful PI can devise a project that answers important scientific questions while meeting resource management needs. Ultimately, the best reason to work in the parks, and to work directly with park resource managers is because the parks are a national resource beyond compare. Geological expertise is particularly lacking in the vast majority of parks. Finding a way to bring your own research experience into a park project is not just good public service, it is a privilege..

Young, Robert S., Brian Warrick Jonathan Winter, et al. (2005). The Elwha River Restoration Project; a unique opportunity for science, policy, and environmental restoration. 37: 329. In: Geological Society of America, 2005 annual meeting. Anonymous, Geological Society of America (GSA). Oct. 16-19. Salt Lake City, UT United States. (GeoRefS).

Prior to 1911, the Elwha River supported 10 stocks of salmon and steelhead. Elwha Dam was built on the Elwha River in 1911 and Glines Canyon Dam in 1925. Neither dam accommodated fish passage limiting anadromous fish to the lower 4.9 miles of the river and severely reducing or eliminating runs. The dams also caused the inundation of important riverine habitat and degraded water quality (increased temperatures and reduced nutrients). The ecosystem within Olympic National Park has been adversely affected by the lack of marine-derived nutrients. In 1992, Congress enacted PL 102-495 directing the Secretary of the Interior to "fully restore the Elwha River ecosystem and anadromous fisheries". An extended period of examination of many alternatives (2 EISs and a SEIS have been completed) determined that removal of the Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams was the only way to fully restore the ecosystem and all fisheries. Today, the project is in full swing with the National Park Service (NPS) as the lead agency and the Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) providing technical support. A carefully devised plan for dam removal is scheduled to be implemented in 2008. The Elwha River Restoration Project (ERRP) is arguably the most ambitious river restoration ever attempted. The project is unique and precedent setting many ways: 1) The ERRP has been designed to satisfy the interests of government agencies at all levels, Indian Tribes, local business interests, the dam's previous owners, local water associations, and property owners. There is an overwhelming popular "buy in" to the project at all levels. 2) The ERRP will advance the science of dam removal dramatically. Funds have been provided for USBR guided hydrological and sedimentological modeling, reservoir drawdowns, physical model construction, and numerous other studies. Much more will be learned as the removal plan is implemented. 3) The natural restoration of marine derived nutrients (via salmon carcasses) to an entire watershed from where they have been absent for almost 100 years will provide a unique test of the resiliency of upstream riverine and terrestrial ecosystems. 4) The dam removal will restore the natural flow of sediment to the Strait of Juan de Fuca shoreline. Thus the ERRP adds an important element of coastal restoration unique to this project..

DISSERTATIONS

Blackie, Barbara. (2002). River-dependent bird species as potential indicators of ecosystem response to removal of dams on the Elwha River, Washington: 123 leaves, bound. by Barbara A. Blackie. ill., maps (some col.) ; 29 cm. Typescript (photocopy). Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2002. (WorldCat).

Boyd, Colleen Elizabeth. (2001). Changer is coming : history, identity and the land among the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe of the north Olympic Peninsula: xiii, 370, [3] leaves. by Colleen Elizabeth Boyd.

History, identity and the land among the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe of the north Olympic Peninsula. map. Abstract. Vita. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. Photocopy. Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Dissertation Services, 2002. 23 cm. (WorldCat).

Crane, Jeff. (1998). A tale of two rivers : history and change on the Elwha River: vi, 133 leaves, bound. by Jeff Crane. 29 cm. Computer-produced typeface. Thesis (M.A.)--Washington State University, 1998. (WorldCat).

Crane, Jeff. (2004). Finding the river : the destruction and restoration of the Kennebec and Elwha rivers: ix, 253 leaves, bound. by Jeff Crane. 29 cm. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, 2004. (WorldCat).

Howe, Sharon M. (1998). "Salmon swimming through the wires" : dams, fish and hatcheries on Puget Sound, 1898-1921: viii, 174 leaves. by Sharon M. Howe. Dams, fish and hatcheries on Puget Sound, 1898-1921 ill., maps ; 29 cm. Thesis (M.A.)--Western Washington University, 1998. (WorldCat).

Pohl, Molly Marie. (1999). The dams of the Elwha River, Washington : downstream impacts and policy implications, Arizona State University: xv, 296 leaves, bound. by Molly Marie Pohl. ; ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 29 cm. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Arizona State University, 1999. Photocopy. Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Dissertation Service, 2001. xv, 296 p. : ill., maps ; 22 cm. (WorldCat).

Dams and river regulation have dramatically modified the world's rivers, leading to widespread environmental degradation. In the United States, less than 2% of streams remain in natural conditions. While river managers and environmental policy are increasingly emphasizing the mitigation of these impacts, restoration of rivers requires a sound understanding of how dams have altered the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of streams. This study examines the downstream influence of two dams on the hydrology and channel system of the Elwha River of Washington state. Hydrologic modification was measured using U.S. Geological Survey stream gage records. These data indicate that Glines Canyon dam had a substantial impact on streamflows, especially low flows, for the first two decades following dam closure. However, for the past half a century, the dam has been operating with a run-of- the-river goal and hydrologic alteration has been visible but not of great magnitude. The downstream channel system of the Elwha River has responded to the paucity of sediment and modified hydrology associated with dam installation and operations. Analysis of aerial photography since 1938 demonstrated that the Elwha River adjusted its sinuosity and active channel area in response to natural controls and human activities. Most historical human impacts constrained the river spatially; either indirectly through controlled flow releases through the dams or directly through channelization and levee and dike construction. An evaluation of the current channel system, based on cross section surveys and physical field data, indicates that the dams have created three segments of the lower Elwha River which are functioning differently and have distinct channel morphologies and riparian community structures. The channel was the most unstable upstream from the dams, very stable between the structures, and less stable downstream from Elwha Dam. Channel stability was found to be associated with a reduction in geomorphic and biotic complexity. While current policy goals are to “fully restore” the Elwha River ecosystem by removing the dams, this study indicates that full restoration is not scientifically feasible given the past and current impacts on the river system. The restoration goal should be modified to aim for a more natural condition, with specific objectives that acknowledge that recovery will be spatially variable..

Ruple, John C. (1997). Treaty implied rights to habitat protection : impacts on the Elwha River Controversy: x, 148 leaves. by John C. Ruple. ; maps ; 29 cm. ; Includes list of cases cited (leaves 145-148). Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Resource Development, 1997. (WorldCat).

Venus, Sandra Marie. (1997). Concrete & salmon : the dismantling of two hydroelectric dams: vii, 69 p. by Sandra Marie Venus. Concrete and salmon ; ill. (some col.), maps ; 22 x 28 cm. Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Washington, 1997. (WorldCat).

Electronic Sources

Lower Elwha Kallam Tribe. "Elwha River Restoration Project (Public Law 102-495)." from http://www.elwha.org/River%20Restoration.htm

Olympic National Park (Wash.). (2000, Jul. 25). "Elwha River." Retrieved 2006, Oct. 13, from http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/elwha/home.htm

Public Broadcasting and Oregon Public Broadcasting System. (2001). "Salmon vs. dams: the dam removal debate on the Elwha River: teacher's guide." Retrieved 2006, Oct. 13, from http://www.pbs.org/americanfieldguide/teachers/salmon/salmon_sum.html

This lesson is derived from real testimony given to Congress regarding two small dams in the pristine Olympic National Park in Washington. In this lesson, students will use roll playing to discuss the merits of tearing down these dams so that the Elwha River can run free. The activity is presented in the form of a council meeting to encourage students to try to build consensus in finding solutions instead of militantly standing behind their own viewpoints. .

Government documents

(1992 June). Hydroelectric Dams: Interior Favors Removing Elwha River Dams, but Who Should Pay is Undecided, NTIS ; General Accounting Office, Washington, DC., Resources, Community and Economic Development Div. Product reproduced from digital image. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives.

The Department of the Interior's position is that in order to restore fisheries in the Elwha River, the Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams need to be removed from the Elwha River. This position was developed within the Office of the Secretary of the Interior with input from the Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and Bureau of Indian Affairs. In a June 12, 1991, letter to FERC about pending applications for relicensing the Glines Canyon Dam and initial licensing of the Elwha Dam, Interior stated its position and justified it on the basis of inherent obligations to (1) ensure restoration of all species of anadromous fish to their former habitat within the Elwha River basin; (2) ensure restoration of the ecosystem in the Elwha River basin, including the Olympic National Park, which encompasses one of the two dams; and (3) facilitate access of resident Indian tribes to their usual and accustomed fishing places, as required under U.S. treaty obligations with the tribes. Although Interior's position is that removal of the dams is needed to satisfy the above obligations, Interior had not, as of May 1, 1992, resolved with FERC and the Office of Management and Budget (0MB) the questions of whether the two dams would be removed and, in that event, who should be responsible for paying the costs of removing them. Interior officials said that a successful project to remove the dams would require unified administration positions on removing the dams and on who should pay the costs-the owner or the government and, if the government, which federal agency. (MM)..

(1993). The Elwha report : restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries : a report submitted pursuant to Public Law 102-495. Port Angeles, Wash.: National Park Service. v. Department of the Interior, National Park Service ... [et al.] ill., maps ; 28 cm. "Public review draft." "September 1993." v. [2] Appendices E through L. (WorldCat).

(1996). Status of Pacific salmon and their habitats on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Port Angeles, Wash.: Fisheries Department; Lower Elwha Klallam tribe. Michael L. McHenry, Jim Lichatowich, Rachael Kowalski-Hegaman. illus., maps ; 28 cm. "March 1996". (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

Blackie, Barbara and Edward Starkey. (2000). Final report : bird populations along major river systems of Olympic National Park, Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Oregon State University: 43 p. Barbara Blackie, Ed Starkey. Bird populations along major river systems of Olympic National Park. ill., map ; 28 cm. Caption title. "September 22, 2000." "NPS cooperative agreement no. CA-9000-8-0006, subagreement no. 30." (WorldCat).

Childers, Dallas, United States. Bureau of Reclamation., et al. (2000). Hydrologic data collected during the 1994 Lake Mills Drawdown Experiment, Elwha River, Washington. Tacoma, Wash.

Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey ;

Information Services distributor. vi, 115 p. by Dallas Childers ... [et al.] ; prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, National Park Service, and Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe. ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm. Shipping list no.: 2000-0367-P. (WorldCat).

City of Port Angeles (Wash.), Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe., et al. (2005). Value engineering, final report, Elwha water treatment plant, diversion and intake at 60-percent level for the Elwha River Restoration Project, U.S. Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation: 62 p. conducted in cooperation with National Park Service, the City of Port Angeles, the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, and Bureau of Reclamation, Pacific Northwest Region ; [by] U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Technical Service Center. Elwha water treatment plant, diversion and intake at 60-percent level for the Elwha River Restoration Project ; ill., maps ; 28 cm. Cover title. "March 28, 2005." "A1R-1751-3408-NPS-22-1-1 (1); ELIFD." (WorldCat).

Elwha Restoration Project Office. and Olympic National Park (Wash.). Elwha River recovery, Elwha Restoration Project Office. [electronic resource].

Began in late 1990s or in 2000.

Title from Web page (viewed Apr. 27, 2003).

"Olympic National Park." ( WorldCat). http://www.nps.gov/olym/elwha/home.htm Connect to this title online

Provides information on the project to remove dams on the Elwha River in Olympic National Park to restore the river's ecosystem and its fisheries. Includes digitized public documents, photographs, and diagrams, a timeline and history, resources for educators and students, and links to other resources..

Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Project (U.S.), Glines Canyon Project (U.S.), et al. (1995). Alluvium distribution in Lake Mills, Glines Canyon Project, and Lake Aldwell, Elwha Project, Washington, The Bureau: 1 v. (various pagings). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. ill. (some col.), maps (some folded), charts ; 28 cm. "August 1995." (WorldCat).

Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Project (U.S.) and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. (1995). Alluvium distribution in the Elwha River channel between Glines Canyon Dam and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, The Bureau: 143 p. in various pagings. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. ill. (some col.), maps (some folded), charts ; 28 cm. "March 1996." (WorldCat).

Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Project (U.S.) and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. (1995). Development of flood hydrographs, The Bureau: ii, 8 p. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. ill., maps, charts ; 28 cm. "March 1995." (WorldCat).

Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Project (U.S.) and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. (1995). Overview of ground-water conditions. Boise, Idaho: The Bureau. 11 p. in various pagings. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. ill., maps ; 28 cm. "March 1995." Two folded plans and maps in 1 pocket. (WorldCat).

Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Project (U.S.) and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. (1995). Regional economic and tax revenue impact analyses, The Bureau: 20 p. in various pagings. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. ill., charts ; 28 cm. "March 1995." (WorldCat).

Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Project (U.S.) and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. (1996). Geologic design data report for removal of Elwha Dam, The Bureau: 51 p. in various pagings. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. ill. (some col.), maps, charts ; 28 cm. "May 1996." (WorldCat).

Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Project (U.S.) and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. (1996). Removal of Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams, The Bureau: 1 v. (various pagings). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. ill. (some col.), maps, charts ; 28 cm. "May 1996." (WorldCat).

Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Project (U.S.) and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. (1996). Sediment analysis and modeling of the river erosion alternative, The Bureau: 157 p. in various pagings. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. ill., maps (some folded), charts ; 28 cm. "October 1996." (WorldCat).

Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Project (U.S.) and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. (1997). Water quality analysis and mitigation measures, The Bureau: 1 v. (various pagings). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. ; ill. (some col.), maps (some folded), charts ; 28 cm. Cover title. "March 1997." (WorldCat).

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. (1989, Dec.). Scoping document 1 for Glines Canyon Project (FERC No. 588) and Elwha Project (FERC No. 2683), FERC: iii, 50 p. O. o. H. Licensing. (Peninsula College Library Vertical File).

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. (1990, Apr.). Scoping document 2 for Glines Canyon Project (FERC No. 588) and Elwha Project (FERC No. 2683), FERC: iii, 76 p. O. o. H. Licensing. (Peninsula College Library Vertical File).

Haring, Don and Washington State Conservation Commission. (2000). Salmon and steelhead habitat limiting factors, water resource inventory area 18

Washington State Conservation Commission final report, Washington State Conservation Commission: 1 computer optical disc. [electronic resource] : Donald Haring. Salmon and steelhead habitat limiting factors water resource inventory, area 18, Dungeness/Elwha Watershed. Water resource inventory area 18 ; col. maps ; 4 3/4 in. Title from title screen. "February 2000"--Disc label. "12/27/99." (WorldCat). http://salmon.scc.wa.gov/reports/index.html locate Salmon Habitat Limiting Factors homepage

LeMier, E. H. and Washington (State). Dept. of Fisheries. Research Division. (1952). Elwha studies and progress on razor clam report, April to June 1952, Washington State Dept. of Fisheries Research Division?: 9, [1] leaves. [E.H. LeMier]. ; 28 cm. Caption title. (WorldCat).

LeMier, E. H. and Washington (State). Dept. of Fisheries. (1952). Elwha River Project, 1952 : notes and quotes on this and the Baker River experiments on migrant salmon (seaward). Olympia?: Washington State Dept. of Fisheries? 55 leaves in various foliations. E.H. LeMier. ill. (some folded) ; 29 cm. Cover title. (WorldCat).

Lencioni, James L., Elwha River Restoration Project (U.S.), et al. (1995). Elwha River restoration project, flooding impacts associated with removal of the Elwha and Glines Canyon's [sic] Dams. Seattle, Wash.: U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Seattle District. 25 p. in various pagings. James L. Lencioni. ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm. (WorldCat).

Mefford, Brent and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center. (2005). Elwha River surface-water intake structure : Port Angeles, Washington, physical model study, U.S. Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation: v, 64 leaves. by Brent Mefford. (col.) ill., maps, charts ; 28 cm. "April 2005." ( WorldCat). http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics%5Flab/pubs/HL/HL-2004-03.pdf

Meyer, Philip A. , Lower Elwha S'Klallam Tribe, et al. (1995, Apr.). Elwha River Restoration Project: economic analysis final technical report of the Elwha Project Human Effects Team. http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/elwha/docs/econanaly.htm

This analysis compares four Elwha River restoration alternatives to "No Action".

*Retain Elwha and Glines Canyon dams with fishery mitigation.

*Remove Elwha dam and retain Glines Canyon dam.

*Remove Glines Canyon dam and retain Elwha dam.

*Remove both dams.

Considering all project market and non-market economic impacts, benefits of removing both dams substantially exceed costs, over a discounting range from 0 to 7 percent. Costs exceed benefits for the other action options considered [excerpted from the Executive Summary].

Munn, M. D., R. W. Black, et al. (1999). An assessment of stream habitat and nutrients of the Elwha River basin; implications of restoration, U. S. Geological Survey: 38. illus. incl. 6 tables, sketch maps ; (GeoRefS).

Munn, Mark D., Geological Survey (U.S.), et al. (1999). An assessment of stream habitat and nutrients in the Elwha River basin : implications for restoration, U.S. Dept. of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor]: v, 37, [1] p. by M.D. Munn ... [et al.]. ; ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm. U.S. Geological Survey water-resources investigations report ; 98-4223 "Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Elwha Tribe and National Park Service." "National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit"--Cover. (Library of Congress).

Munn, M. D., Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe., et al. (1996). Benthic macroinertebrate communities in the Elwha River Basin, 1994-95, U.S. Geological Survey ; Branch of Information Services distributor: iv, 27 leaves. by M.D. Munn, M.L. McHenry, and V. Sampson ; prepared in cooperation with Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe. ; ill., map ; 28 cm. (WorldCat).

Munn, Mark D., Council Lower Elwha Tribal, et al. (1999). An assessment of stream habitat and nutrients in the Elwha River basin : implications for restoration, U.S. Dept. of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey ; U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services [distributor]. 98-4223: v, 38 ill. (some col.), col. maps 28 cm. "National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit"--Cover. Shipping list no.: 99-0146-P. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-38). (Agricola).

Munn, Mark D., Lower Elwha Tribal Council., et al. (1999). An assessment of stream habitat and nutrients in the Elwha River basin : implications for restoration, U.S. Dept. of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey ; U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services distributor: v, 38. ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm. English.

Munn, M. D., Michael L. McHenry, et al. (1996). Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Elwha River Basin, 1994-95, U.S. Geological Survey ; Branch of Information Services distributor. by M.D. Munn, M.L. McHenry, and V. Sampson ; prepared in cooperation with Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe. Cover title. Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 98-0200-M. (WorldCat).

Olympic National Park. and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2004). Northwest Straits project : Clallam County nearshore mapping and restoration, task 2, Olympic National Park : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Elwha nearshore monitoring and restoration workship & data compilation Technical workshop on nearshore restoration in the Central Strait of Juan de Fuca ; col. ill. ; 28 cm. "April 30, 2004"--T.p. "Report prepared by Triangle Associates, Inc., June 2004"--Cover. Clallam County, Grant No. G0300123. (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

Perkins Coie LLP., James River II Inc., et al. (1990). Analysis of legal issues concerning the licensing of the Elwha Project and the Glines Canyon Project : report of James River II, Inc. to the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Perkins Coie: 1 v. (various foliations). prepared by Perkins Coie. ; 28 cm. Cover title. "May 8, 1990." (WorldCat).

Phelps, Stevan R., Joseph M. Hiss, et al. (1999). Genetic relationships of Elwha River Oncorhynchus mykiss to hatchery-origin rainbow trout and Washington steelhead, Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife: 17, [6] p. prepared for the National Park Service by Stevan R. Phelps, Joseph M. Hiss and Roger J. Peters. ill., map ; 28 cm. At head of title: Review draft. "August 1999." (WorldCat).

Randle, Tim, Jennifer Bountry, et al. (2000). Elwha River restoration project : river hydraulic analysis and floodplain map for the Dry Creek Water Association wells, Washington State. Denver, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. 39, 7 p. Tim Randle and Jennifer Bountry. ill., maps ; 28 cm. Cover title. "Technical Service Center, Sedimentation & River Hydraulics Group, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation." "December 2000." Two maps on folded leaves in pockets at end of volume. (WorldCat).

Reisenbichler, Reginald Ruben, Western Fisheries Research Center (U.S.), et al. (1999). Elwha River ecosystem restoration : potential effects and restoration methods : fisheries investigations : final report, Western Fisheries Research Center: i, 94 leaves. investigations completed by USGS-BRD, Western Fisheries Research Center in collaboration with Olympic National Park and University of Washington ; report edited by Reg Reisenbichler. ill., maps ; 28 cm. "Subagreement no. 27 under cooperative agreement no. CA-9000-8-0007." ( WorldCat).

Roth, Anthony, Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology., et al. (1978). Lower Elwha coastal zone management program : phase one : resource inventory. Draft. Sequim, WA: The Associates. iv, 33 p. [presented to] the Lower Elwha Tribal Council ; prepared by Anthony Roth, Nautilus Associate, Ltd. ill. (1 col.) ; 28 cm. "November 1978."

"The preparation of this report was financially aided through a grant from the Washington State Dept. of Ecology with funds obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and appropriated for Section 306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act 1972." (WorldCat).

Schoeneman, Dale E. and Charles O. Junge. (1954). Investigations of mortalities to downstream migrant salmon at two dams on the Elwha River, Washington Dept. of Fisheries: 51 p. Dale E. Schoeneman and Chas. O. Junge, Jr. ; ill., map, diagrs., tables ; 23 cm. ( WorldCat).

Schoeneman, Dale E., Vaughn A. Sherman, et al. (1952). Downstream migrant studies at Gline's Canyon dam and Elwha River, Clallam County, Washington, Stream Improvement Division Dept. of Fisheries State of Washington: 122 leaves. by Dale E. Schoeneman, Vaughn A. Sherman. ; ill. ; 29 cm. Carbon copy of original typescript. ( WorldCat).

Seavey, Fred, Gwill Ging, et al. (1995). Marine resources of the Elwha river estuary : Clallam county, Washington / prepared for the National Park Service, Olympic National Park; prepared by Fred Seavey and Gwill Ging. Olympia, Wash.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Western Washingtion Office. 47 p. ill., maps ; 28 cm. "June 1995." Description based on printed copy of pdf document. http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OEA.NSF/af6d4571f3e2b1698825650f0071180a/71a10fa5f24efdaa88256c5a007573d0?OpenDocument#Baseline%20Marine%20Benthic%20Surveys%20n ( WorldCat).

"...The purpose of this study was to characterize the existing marine resources which dam removal could affect and to assess the impact of an increased sediment load on the estuary... " -- Introduction, p. 2..

Serdar, Dave and Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology. (1999). PCB concentrations in fish from Ward Lake (Thurston County) and the Lower Elwha River, Washington State Dept. of Ecology: 9, 3 p. by Dave Serdar. Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in fish from Ward Lake (Thurston County) and the Lower Elwha River 28 cm. "September 1999." "Waterbody Numbers: Ward Lake-1228740460088 (formerly WA-13-9200); Lower Elwha River - 1235577481507 (formerly WA-18-2010)." ( WorldCat).

Shared Strategy for Puget Sound (Organization). (2005). Draft Puget Sound salmon recovery plan. Seattle, WA: Shared Strategy for Puget Sound. submitted by the Shared Strategy Development Committee. ill. (chiefly col.), col. maps ; 28 cm. + 19 CD-ROM's (sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in.) "June 30, 2005 - Revised December 2005"--T.p.

v.01,One strategy shared by many -- Status of threatened species -- Factors affecting Puget Sound salmon and bull trout -- Technical recovery criteria and goals for Puget Sound Chinook salmon and bull trout -- Watershed profiles -- Regional salmon recovery strategies -- Adaptive management and monitoring for the Puget Sound salmon recovery plan -- Financing Puget Sound salmon recovery -- Implementation ; v.02, Electronic copies of the complete set of local watershed and regional nearshore chapters: Nooksack, San Juan, Skagit, Stillaguamish, Island, Snohomish, Lake Washington/Cedar/Sammamish -- Green/Duwamish -- East Kitsap -- Puyallup/White -- Nisqually -- South Sound -- Hood Canal -- Dungeness & Elwha -- Regional nearshore and marine aspects of salmon recovery in Puget Sound. (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1994). The Elwha report restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries : a report submitted pursuant to Public Law 102-495, Dept. of the Interior National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service : Bureau of Reclamation : Bureau of Indian Affairs : Dept. of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service ; Lower Elwha S'Klallam Tribe. Restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries. Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 97-0530-M. "January 1994." (WorldCat).

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1994). The Elwha report: restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries : a report submitted pursuant to Public Law 102-495 : executive summary, Dept. of the Interior National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service : Bureau of Reclamation : Bureau of Indian Affairs : Dept. of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service ; Lower Elwha S'Klallam Tribe. Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 97-0942-M. "January 1994." (WorldCat).

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1994). Restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem and native anadromous fisheries: a report submitted pursuant to public law 102-495 : appendices E through M, Dept. of the Interior National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service : Bureau of Reclamation : Bureau of Indian Affairs : Dept. of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service. Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 96-0333-M. "January 1994." (WorldCat).

United States. (1992). An Act to Restore Olympic National Park and the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries in the State of Washington, U.S. G.P.O. : Supt. of Docs. U.S. G.P.O. distributor: [7] p. 24 cm. Caption title. Shipping list no.: 92-0674-P. "Oct. 24, 1992, (H.R. 4844)." "106 Stat. 3173." "Public Law 102-495." (WorldCat).

United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Seattle District. and Dixy Lee Ray. (1978). Elwha River Basin, Elwha Dam, Port Angeles, Washington : WA-242 : phase I inspection report, National Dam Safety Program, The District: viii, 34, [22] p., [12] leaves of plates (some folded). [prepared for Honorable Dixy Lee Ray ; prepared by Seattle District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]. ill. ; 27 cm. "Crown Zellerbach Corporation (owner and operator)"--Cover. "August 1978"--Cover. ( WorldCat).

United States. Bureau of Reclamation. (1996). Record of decision, final environmental impact statement, Elwha River ecosystem restoration, Olympic National Park, Washington, s.n.: 5 p. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Final environmental impact statement, Elwha River ecosystem restoration, Olympic National Park, Washington. 28 cm. Cover title. (WorldCat).

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power., United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment., et al. (1992). Elwha River ecosystem and fisheries restoration : joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and the Subcommittee on Water, Power, and Offshore Energy Resources of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 4844 ... July 9, 1992, U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office: v, 171 p. 24 cm. 1019-A, 1019-B (MF) Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 92-0716-P. "Serial no. 102-147 Committee on Energy and Commerce." "Serial no. 102-86 Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries." "Serial no. 102-JH3 Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs." (Library of Congress).

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power., United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment., et al. (1992). Elwha River ecosystem and fisheries restoration: joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and the Subcommittee on Water, Power, and Offshore Energy Resources of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 4844 ... July 9, 1992, U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O. Supt. of Docs. Congressional Sales Office. "Serial no. 102-147 Committee on Energy and Commerce." "Serial no. 102-86 Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries." "Serial no. 102-JH3 Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs." (WorldCat).

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy, and and Resources Natural. (1992). Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on S. 2527, to restore Olympic National Park and the Elwha River ecosystem and fisheries in the state of Washington, June 4, 1992, U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O. Supt. of Docs. Congressional Sales Office. 102-739: iii, 172 ill., maps 24 cm. S. United States. Congress. Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 92-0573-P. (Agricola).

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy, and and Resources Natural. (1992). Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act : report together with additional views (to accompany S. 2527), U.S. G.P.O. 102-447: 25 24 cm. S. United States. Congress. Caption title. Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 92-0576-P. "September 30, 1992." (Agricola).

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (1992). Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on S. 2527, to restore Olympic National Park and the Elwha River ecosystem and fisheries in the state of Washington, June 4, 1992, U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office: iii, 172 p. ill., maps ; 24 cm. S. hrg. ; 102-739 Item 1040-A, 1040-B (MF) Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 92-0573-P. (Library of Congress).

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (1992). Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act : report together with additional views (to accompany S. 2527), U.S. G.P.O.: 25 p. 24 cm. Caption title. Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 92-0576-P. "September 30, 1992." ( WorldCat).

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (1992). Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act: hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on S. 2527, to restore Olympic National Park and the Elwha River ecosystem and fisheries in the state of Washington, June 4, 1992, U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O. Supt. of Docs. Congressional Sales Office. (WorldCat).

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. (1992). Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act: report together with additional views (to accompany S. 2527), U.S. G.P.O. Caption title. "September 30, 1992." (WorldCat).

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power. (1995). Mountain Park Project, Elwha River amendments, and Recreation Management Act amendments : hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, on S. 2253 to modify the Mountain Park Project in Oklahoma ... S. 2262 to amend the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act to provide greater flexibility in the expenditure of funds ... S. 2266 to amend the Recreation Management Act of 1992, and for other purposes, July 8, 1994, U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office: iii, 38 p. 24 cm. S. hrg. ; 103-926 Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 95-0070-P. (Library of Congress).

United States. National Park Service. (1994). The Elwha report : resoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries : a report submitted pursuant to Public Law 102-495: 2 v. (174, 457 p.). National Park Service ... [et al.] ; National Marine Fisheries Service ; Lower Elwha S'Klallam Tribe. (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. (2005). Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation : final supplement to the final environmental impact statement, National Park Service U.S. Dept. of the Interior: xxvi, 336 p. maps ; 28 cm. Cover title. "NPS D-377A"--P. [3] of cover. (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. and Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation. (2000). Environmental assessment for the interim management plan : Elwha River ecosystem restoration, Foster Wheeler Environmental Corp.: 1 v. (various pagings). prepared for National Park Service, Port Angeles, Washington, prepared by Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation. Elwa River ecosystem restoration col. map ; 28 cm. Cover title. "January 2000." (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. and Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation. (2002). Environmental assessment for the interim management of the Old Elwha Resort site Elwha River ecosystem restoration. Bothell, Wash.: Foster Wheeler Environmental Corp. prepared by Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation. Old Elwha Resort site Elwha River ecosystem restoration ill., map ; 28 cm. "April 2002"--Cover. Erratum slip inserted. "Contract 1443CX2605-98-004" "Order# 1443TO2605-99-A08". ( Peninsula College Library Catalog).

United States. National Park Service. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1994). Draft environmental impact statement: Elwha River ecosystem restoration, Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center. Elwha River ecosystem restoration, Olympic National Park, Washington Cover title. Lead agency: National Park Service; Cooperating agencies: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ... [et al.]. Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 96-0292-M. "October 1994." Includes index. (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1994). The Elwha report : restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries, National Park Service. [prepared by] Department of the Interior, National Park Service [in coordination with] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ... [et al.]. ill., maps ; 28 cm. "A report submitted pursuant to public law 102-495." "January 1994." (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

United States. National Park Service. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1994). The Elwha report : restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries : executive summary, National Park Service: 31 p. [prepared by] Department of the Interior, National Park Service [in coordination with] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ... [et al.]. Executive summary, the Elwha report : Restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries, executive summary. ill., maps ; 28 cm. "A report submitted pursuant to public law 102-495." "January 1994." (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1995). Final environmental impact statement : Elwha River ecosystem restoration, Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center: xviii, 674 p. Elwha River ecosystem restoration, Olympic National Park, Washington. ill., maps ; 28 cm. Cover title. Lead agency: National Park Service; Cooperating agencies: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ... [et al.]. "June 1995." (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Draft environmental impact statement : Elwha River ecosystem restoration, implementation, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center. Olympia National Park, Washington. ill., maps ; 28 cm. Lead agency: National Park Service; Cooperating agencies: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ... [et al.] "April 1996". (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

United States. National Park Service. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation : draft environmental impact statement, Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center: [xiv], 493 p. ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm. Cover title. Lead agency: National Park Service; Cooperating agencies: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ... [et al.]. "April 1996." "NPS D-271"--P. [3] of cover. (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation : final environmental impact statement, Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center: vi, 281 p. ill., maps (some folded) ; 28 cm. Cover title. Lead agency: National Park Service; Cooperating agencies: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ... [et al.]. "November 1996." "NPS D-271A"--P. [3] of cover. ( WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation : final environmental statement, November 1996 : Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center. Final environmental impact statement : Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation, Olympic National Park, Washington. ill., maps ; 28 cm. "November 1996" "NPS D271A". (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

United States. National Park Service. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation : summary draft environmental impact statement, Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service: 22 p. ill., maps ; 28 cm. Cover title. "April 1996." ( WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service., United States. Bureau of Reclamation., et al. (2004). Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation : draft supplement to the final environmental impact statement, National Park Service U.S. Dept. of the Interior: xxiii, 255 p. ill., maps (some folded) ; 28 cm. Cover title. Lead agency: National Park Service; cooperating agencies: Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. "December 2004." "NPS D-377"--P. [3] of cover. (WorldCat). http://www.nps.gov/olym/elwha/docs/Elwha%202004%20Draft%20%20SEIS/Elwha%5FDraft%5FSEIS%5F(Dec%5F2004).pdf

United States. National Park Service. and United States. Dept. of the Interior. (1996). Draft environmental impact statement : Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center: xii, 493 p. Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation ill.(some col.) maps (some col.) ; 28 cm. Cover title. Lead agency: National Park Service. "April 1996." "NPS D-271"--p. [3] of cover. (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. and United States. Dept. of the Interior. (1996). Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation : final environmental impact statement : Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center: vi, 281 p. ill., maps (some folded) ; 28 cm. Cover title. "November 1996." "NPS D-271A"--p. [3] of cover. (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service., United States. National Marine Fisheries Service., et al. (1994). The Elwha report : restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries : a report submitted pursuant to Public Law 102-495, The Service: 3 v. (xviii, 174 457 31 p.). Department of the Interior, National Park Service ... [et al.] ; Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service ; Lower Elwha S'Klallam Tribe. Restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem & native anadromous fisheries: a report submitted pursuant to Public Law 102-495 Restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem and native anadromous fisheries: a report submitted pursuant to Public Law 102-495. Elwha River restoration report ill., maps ; 28 cm. "January 1994." v. [1] No specific title -- v. [2] Appendices E through M -- v. [3] Executive summary. (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. Denver Service Center. (1994). Elwha River ecosystem restoration, Olympic National Park, Washington : draft environmental impact statement, U.S. G.P.O.: xiv, 113 p. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center. ill., maps ; 28 cm. Cover title. "October 1994." "NPS D-253." (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. Denver Service Center. (1995). Elwha River ecosystem restoration Olympic National Park, Washington : final environmental impact statement, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center. Cover title. Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 95-0738-M. "June 1995." Includes bibliographical references (p. 653-658). Includes index. "NPS D-253A"--P. [3] of cover. (WorldCat).

United States. National Park Service. Denver Service Center. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Elwha River ecosystem restoration implementation : draft environmental impact statement, Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center. Cover title. Lead agency: National Park Service; Cooperating agencies: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ... [et al.]. Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 97-0231-M. "April 1996." Includes index. "NPS D-271"--P. [3] of cover. (WorldCat).

United States. Office of Electric Power Regulation. San Francisco Regional Office. (1981). Water resources appraisal for hydroelectric licensing : Elwha River basin, Washington, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Office of Electric Power Regulatiaon San Francisco Regional Office: viii, 38 p. ill., maps ; 28 cm. At head of title: Appraisal report. "March 1981." "FERC-0072." (WorldCat).

United States. Office of Hydropower Licensing. (1993). Draft staff report proposed Elwha (FERC no. 2683) and Glines Canyon (FERC no. 588) hydroelectric projects, Washington, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Office of Hydropower Licensing. Proposed Elwha (FERC no. 2683) and Glines Canyon (FERC no. 588) hydroelectric projects, Washington. "Applicant: James River II, Inc." Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 95-0356-M (v. 1). "October 1992." "March 1993"--Cover. (WorldCat).

United States. Office of Hydropower Licensing. and James River II Inc. (1991). Draft environmental impact statement: proposed Elwha (FERC no. 2683) and Glines Canyon (FERC no. 588) hydroelectric projects, Washington, Office of Hydropower Licensing. applicant, James River II, Inc. Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche. "February 1991." "FERC/DEIS-0059D." (WorldCat).

United States. Office of Hydropower Licensing. and James River II Inc. (1993). Draft staff report : proposed Elwha (FERC no. 2683) and Glines Canyon (FERC no. 588) hydroelectric projects, Washington, The Commission: 2 v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Office of Hydropower Licensing ; applicant, James River II, Inc. ; ill., maps ; 28 cm. "October 1992." "March 1993"--Cover. V. 1. [Text] -- v. .2. Responses to comments. ( WorldCat).

Walters, K. L., W. L. Haushild, et al. (1979). Water resources of the Lower Elwha Indian Reservation, Washington. Reston, VA: U. S. Geological Survey. Serial Report. (GeoRefS).

Wampler, Phillip L., R. F. McVein, et al. (1985). A review of and proposed solution to the problem of migrant salmonid passage by the Elwha River dams, U.S. Dept. of the Interior Fisheries Assistance Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: v, 52 p. by P.L. Wampler, R.F. McVein, and J.M Hiss. ; ill., maps ; 28 cm. ; "January, 1985." (WorldCat).

Wampler, Phillip L. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fisheries Assistance Office. (1985). A review of and proposed solution to the problem of migrant salmonid passage by the Elwha River dams, U.S. Dept. of the Interior Fisheries Assistance Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: v, 67 leaves. by Phillip L. Wampler...[et al.] ; ill., maps ; 28 cm. ; "January, 1985." (WorldCat).

Washington (State). Dept. of Fisheries. Management and Research Division. (1971). Elwha River fisheries studies, State of Washington Dept. of Fisheries Management and Research Division: iii, 26 leaves. ill., maps ; 29 cm. ; "November 1971." (WorldCat).

Washington (State). Dept. of Fisheries. Stream Improvement Division. (1952). A historical note on the Elwha River : its power development and its industrial diversion, The Division: 30, xii leaves. compiled by the Stream Improvement Division, State Department of Fisheries. ; ill. ; 29 cm. (WorldCat).

Washington (State). Dept. of Fisheries. Stream Improvement Division. (1952). Previous investigations and observations concerning the Elwha River : a resume of such experiments, investigations and observations as have been performed on the Elwha watershed prior to the year of 1952, State of Washington Department of Fisheries Stream Improvement Division: 12 leaves. 28 cm. Cover title. (WorldCat).

Winter, Brian D. and Point No Point Treaty Council. (1989). Elwha River adult steelhead tagging and catch monitoring project : final report. Kingston, Wash.: Point No Point Treaty Council. v, 62 p. Brian D. Winter. ill., maps ; 28 cm. "November, 1989." (WorldCat).

Wunderlich, Robert C., S. J. Dilley, et al. (1985). An assessment of juvenile coho passage mortality at the Elwha River dams, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Fisheries Assistance Office: iv, 41 leaves. by R.C. Wunderlich and S.J. Dilley. ; ill. ; 28 cm.

"This study was funded by Olympic National Park under Interagency Agreement 9000-3-0003." (WorldCat).

Wunderlich, R. C., S. J. Dilley, et al. (1989). Timing, exit selection, and survival of steelhead and coho smolts at Glines Canyon dam. Olympia, Wash.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fisheries Assistance Office. vi, 40 p. by R.C. Wunderlich, S.J. Dilley, and E.E. Knudsen. ill., maps ; 28 cm. "January, 1989." (WorldCat).

Zajac, David P. (1986). The relationship between coded wire tagging and bacterial kidney disease in coho at Lower Elwha Hatchery. Olympia, Wash. Port Angeles, Wash.: Olympia Fish Health Center : Fisheries Assistance Office ; Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe. 11 leaves. by David Zajac ... [et al.]. 1 map ; 28 cm. http://westernwashington.fws.gov/fisheries/Publications/FP212.pdf ( WorldCat).

In this study conducted in 1983 and 1984 it was concluded that bacterial kidney disease was related to time (being first or last to be tagged and released) and not to the coded wire tagging process..

Unpublished WorkS

Dimmock, Andrew S. and William H. Rodgers. (1987). The Elwha River's inefficient dams. 38 leaves. by Andrew S. Dimmock. 28 cm. "Submitted to Professor William Rodgers Jr., Environmental Protection Seminar, Law 566A, June 1987." Selected Problems in Environmental Protection Seminar, Law B576 (1987). (WorldCat).

Friends of the Earth. Northwest Office. Friends of the Earth, Northwest Office records, 1920-2003. 196.27 cubic feet (199 boxes and 2 packages). http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/findaids/docs/papersrecords/FriendsOfTheEarth2548.xml (WorldCat).

Correspondence, reference files, project files, reports, notes, draft environmental impact statements, draft reports, memoranda, speeches and writings, legal files, testimony, conference files, financial records, mailings, hearings, legislation, election materials, subject files, manuals, publications, press releases, newsletters, clippings, ephemera, sketches, maps, and sound recordings, 1920-2003. The records relate primarily to environmental issues, including the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, nuclear power plants, coal export, wilderness preservation, wildlife conservation, air and water quality, and other topics. Correspondents include Dale R. Jones, David E. Ortman, and Gilbert M. Zemansky..

Grant, Harry E. and Riddell Williams Bullitt & Walkinshaw (Firm). (1993). The Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act : a case study in sustaining economic development and protecting the environment. Seattle, Wash.: Riddell Williams Bullitt & Walkinshaw. ca. 25 leaves. by Harry E. Grant, Jr. 28 cm. Cover title. "Prepared for Inter-American Bar Association, Committee XI, Conference XXX, Santiago, Chile, April 19-24, 1993." (WorldCat).

Howe, Sharon and Washington (State). Division of Archives and Records Management. (1994). The Elwha River : an annotated bibliography of selected source materials in the Washington State Archives. Olympia, Wash.: Office of the Secretary of State Division of Archives & Records Management. [13] leaves. compiled by Sharon Howe. 28 cm. "October, 1994." (WorldCat).

James River II Inc. and Hosey and Associates Engineering Company. (1990). Marbled murrelet use survey : Elwha Project, FERC no. 2683, Glines Project, FERC no. 588. Bellevue, Wash.: The Company. 1 v. (various pagings). James River II, Inc. ; prepared by Hosey & Associates Engineering Company. ill. ; 28 cm. "August 30, 1990." (WorldCat).

BOOKS

Adamire, Buckley and Harriet U. Fish. (1991). The Elwha : a river of destiny. Carlsborg, Wash. (P.O. Box 900, Carlsborg 98324) ill. ; 22 x 28 cm. Cover title. (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

Alexander, Alice Bretches. (1993). A pioneer family : homesteading the Upper Elwha River Valley. Port Angeles, Wash.: A.B. Alexander. 90 p. ill., maps ; 28 cm. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0612/94156260.html (Library of Congress).

Hunt, Anthony. (2004). Genesis, structure, and meaning in Gary Snyder's Mountains and rivers without end. Reno: University of Nevada Press. viii, 316 p. Anthony Hunt. 24 cm.

1. Finding the Paths -- Bearings -- Opening the Poem -- 2. Composing the Space -- Genesis and Development of the Poem -- The Landscape Scroll -- The No Play -- The Goddess and Her Companion(s) -- 3. Inhabiting the Landscape -- Milarepa -- Dogen -- Endless Streams and Mountains -- Old Bones -- Night Highway 99 -- Three Worlds, Three Realms, Six Roads -- Jackrabbit -- The Elwha River -- Bubbs Creek Haircut -- Boat of a Million Years -- The Blue Sky -- The Market -- Journeys -- Ma -- Instructions -- Night Song of the Los Angeles Basin -- Covers the Ground -- The Flowing -- The Black-tailed Hare -- With This Flesh -- The Hump-backed Flute Player -- The Circumambulation of Mt. Tamalpais -- The Canyon Wren -- Arctic Midnight Twilight -- Under the Hills Near the Morava River -- Walking the New York Bedrock -- Haida Gwai North Coast, Naikoon Beach -- New Moon Tongue -- An Offering for Tara -- The Bear Mother -- Macaques in the Sky -- Old Woodrat's Stinky House -- Raven's Beak River -- Earrings Dangling and Miles of Desert -- Cross-Legg'd -- Afloat -- The Dance -- We Wash Our Bowls in This Water -- The Mountain Spirit -- Earth Verse -- Finding the Space in the Heart -- 4. Traveling On ... -- App. Order of Publication of Mountains and Rivers Without End. 0874175453 (alk. paper). http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip047/2003017449.html (University of British Columbia).

Kitchin, E. A. (1944). Up the Elwha. Olympic Mountains, Wash.: s.n. 25 p. by E.A. Kitchin. ill. ; 16 cm. Caption title. (WorldCat).

Michael, McHenry, McCoy Randall, et al. (2004). Salt Creek Watershed : an assessment of habitat conditions, fish populations and opportunities for restoration. Port Townsend, Wash.: North Olympic Salmon Coalition. Report to North Olympic Salmon Coalition. col. ill., col. maps, col. graphs ; 28 cm. "November 16, 2004"--Cover. Cover title. (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

Peck, Mary and Charles F. Wilkinson. (2004). Away out over everything : the Olympic Peninsula and the Elwha River. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 84 p. photographs by Mary Peck, with an essay by Charles Wilkinson. chiefly ill., map ; 24 x 37 cm. 0804750335 (alk. paper). http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0418/2004009585.html ( Library of Congress).

Schenkofsky, Henry. (1920). Seeing America first; the Elwha. Boston,: R. G. Badger. 118 p. [by] Henry Schenkofsky. front., plates. 21 cm. (Library of Congress).

POETRY

Meany, Edmond S. (1929). Elwha, the singing river. Seattle?: University of Washington? 1 sheet ([4] p.). [Edmond S. Meany]. port. ; 21 cm. Caption title. "To the Class of Nineteen Hundred Twenty-Nine ... Edmond S. Meany, class of 1885 ... 11 June, 1929"--P. [1]. "Dedicated to the Class of 1929, University of Washington, Junior Day, 12 May, 1928"--P. [4]. Poem. (WorldCat).

Snyder, Gary. (1996). Mountains and rivers without end. Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint. Gary Snyder.

Completed work appears for the 1st time in this volume.

Endless Streams and Mountains -- Old Bones -- Night Highway 99 -- Three Worlds, Three Realms, Six Roads -- Jackrabbit -- The Elwha River -- Bubbs Creek Haircut -- Boat of a Million Years -- The Blue Sky -- The Market -- Journeys -- Ma -- Instructions -- Night Song of the Los Angeles Basin -- Covers the Ground -- The Flowing -- The Black-tailed Hare -- With This Flesh -- The Hump-backed Flute Player -- The Circumambulation of Mt. Tamalpais -- The Canyon Wren -- Arctic Midnight Twilight -- Under the Hills Near the Morava River -- Walking the New York Bedrock -- Haida Gwai North Coast, Naikoon Beach -- New Moon Tongue -- An Offering for Tara -- The Bear Mother -- Macaques in the Sky -- Old Woodrat's Stinky House -- Raven's Beak River -- Earrings Dangling and Miles of Desert -- Cross Legg'd -- Afloat -- The Dance -- We Wash Our Bowls in This Water -- The Mountain Spirit -- Earth Verse -- Finding the Space in the Heart -- The Making of Mountains and Rivers Without End. 1887178201 (hardcover alk. paper) 188717852X (hardcover limited ed. alk. paper). (University of British Columbia).

Mountains and Rivers is an epic of geology, prehistory, and planetary mythologies. It is a poem about land and its processes, a book about wisdom, compassion, and myth, and a narrative work that is not quite like anything else..

MAPS

Geological Survey (U.S.), United States. Dept. of the Interior Geological Survey., et al. (1978). Elwha quadrangle, Washington--Clallam Co. : 7.5 minute series (topographic) SE/4 Joyce 15' quadrangle. Denver, Colo. Reston, Va., Geological Survey ; For sale by the Survey. mapped by the Army Map Service ; edited for civil use by the Geological Survey. Elwha, Wash. b&w ; 69 x 47 cm. Relief shown by contours and spot heights. Depths shown by soundings and isolines. "Topography from aerial photographs by multiplex methods. Aerial photographs taken 1943. Field check 1950. Includes quadrangle location map. "AMS 1280 II--Series V891" "Issued June 16, 1980 Trans Mountain Pipe Line Company Ltd., Vancouver, B.C."--Stamped on bottom right. Map is a photocopy from Metsker Maps, Tacoma, Washington, made by Trans Mountain Pipe Line Co., Ltd. . Map 4 in the numerical sequence of the entire proposed pipeline. (Peninsula College Library Catalog).

Jones, E. E. and Geological Survey (U.S.). (1926). Reconnaissance survey of Elwha River, Washington. Washington, D.C., U.S. Geological Survey. surveyed by E.E. Jones. (W 123 p0 s38*--W 123 p0 s28*/N 48 p0 s12*--N 47 p0 s38*). 62 x 112 cm. Relief shown by contours and spot heights. Blueprint. Map consists of three strip maps and a location map. (WorldCat).

POPULAR MAGAZINE ARTICLES

"Dammed if you do." Economist 342(8010): 28. Vol. 342 Issue 8010, p28 2p. 0013-0613. (Academic Search Premier).

Offers a looks at the debate over plans to demolish two dams built across the Elwha River in Washington State. Impact of the dams on the region's population of salmons; Funding for the demolition of the dams, which is included in U.S. President Bill Clinton's 1998 budget proposal; Conflict between U.S. Republican Senator Slade Gorton and U.S. Democratic Senator Patty Murray related to dam demolishon; History associated with the dams; Amount of electricity the dams produce..

"Elwha removal looks for funds." ENR: Engineering News-Record 238(9): 24. Vol. 238 Issue 9, p24 1/2p; 1c. 0891-9526. (Academic Search Premier).

Reports on the funding requirements of removing hydroelectric dams on Elwha River in Washington state. Budget proposals for the project from President Clinton's administration; Effect of the dams' removal on restoring salmon runs in the river..

(1991). "Older Dams Disrupt Fishing Industry." Weekend All Things Considered: 1. Word Count: 851. Washington, D.C. Transcript. (ProQuest).

(1994). "Elwha dam removal slowly moves forward." National Parks 68(11-12): 11. Word Count: 592. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

A report submitted to Congress by Interior Secy Bruce Babbit may boost efforts to have two dams on Elwha River in Washington removed. The Elwha restoration act has received bipartisan support in Congress..

(1994). "The limits of paradise." Sierra 79(2): 64. Word Count: 5802. San Francisco. ISSN: 01617362. (ProQuest).

The Pacific Coast of North America--from its northernmost stretches of remote British Columbia Canada to the overdeveloped Southern California landscape--is threatened by a host of human actions. The spectacular resources of the area and the dangers to them are described..

(1994, Dec.). "Up the Elwha: a tale of a trip in the Olympics & a more or less futile attempt to describe beauties : Journal of William Delabarre." Strait History : Journal of the Clallam County Historical Society and the Museum 8(4): 1-8. Cover photograph by Asahel Curtis.

(1997). "Elwha Removal Looks for Funds." Enr 238(9): 24. Word Count: 321. New York. ISSN: 08919526. (ProQuest).

Despite overwhelming support in recent years for removing 2 Elwha River hydroelectric dams on Washington's Olympic Peninsula, Congress has never provided money to restore what was once one of the premier salmon runs in the Pacific Northwest. This year, however, the Clinton administration's proposed 1998 budget includes funding.

(2000). "Removal Could Begin This Year." Enr 244(8): 20. Word Count: 293. New York. ISSN: 08919526. (ProQuest).

Preliminary work leading to demolition of two dams in Washington state could begin by year's end following the formal transfer of their titles to the federal government, expected this week. Work at the lower dam, Elwha, is most likely, according to federal officials, but the future of a higher, upstream dam, Glines Canyon, is still in doubt..

(2004). "Agreement Reached on Removing Dams." Pacific Builder and Engineer 110(18): 12. Word Count: 140. Seattle. ISSN: 00308544. (ProQuest).

About 145 dams have been removed in the United States since 1999, but the two Elwha dams are larger than any dismantled thus far..

(2004). "Do It Yourself." National Geographic 206(1): 2. Vol. 206 Issue 1, Preceding p2 3p; 5c. 0027-9358. (Academic Search Premier).

Explores Olympic National Park. Three hikes that reveal Olympic's diverse habitats; Olympic National Park as one of the last undisturbed salmon habitats in the Pacific Northwest; Busting plant poachers; Restoring the Elwha River's ecosystem..

(2005). "Environmental Impact Statements and Regulations; Availability of EPA Comments." The Federal Register / FIND 70(241): 74809. Word Count: 570 (ProQuest). Citation: "70 FR 74809"; Document Number: "ER-FRL-6670-4"; Page Number: "74809"; "Notices".

(2005). "Profile: Carefully deconstructing dams in Washington state." All Things Considered: 1. Word Count: 824 Washington, D.C. Transcript. (ProQuest) November 30, 2005 ·

(2006). "Sens. Murray, Cantwell Fund Washington State Priorities in Senate Commerce, Justice and Science (Cjs) Appropriations Bill." US Fed News Service, Including US State News: n/a. Word Count: 1099 Washington, D.C. Wire Feed. (ProQuest).

(2006). "Western Carolina University Geosciences Professor Leads Elwha Tribal Education Project." US Fed News Service, Including US State News: n/a. Word Count: 571. Washington, D.C. Wire Feed. (ProQuest).

Allen, Laura and Cleo Woelfle-Erskine. (2004). "Undamming the West One River at a Time; The Elwha River Restoration Project." Clamor 25: 56. Word Count: 2049. Bowling Green. ISSN: 15349489. (ProQuest).

When salmon still spawned in the Elwha, two Klallam villages sat on either side of the river's mouth. A third village sat five miles upstream, at the mouth of Indian Creek. This village site was drowned in 1915 when the Olympic Power Company closed the gates of Aldwell Dam. The Klallam tribe, like most tribes of the Columbia-Snake river basin, had most of their lands stolen through treaties with the U.S. government. But all these treaties preserved the tribe's right to fish at their "usual and accustomed places." Like dozens of other northwest tribes, the Klallam fought ceaselessly in the courts, in the legendary "fish wars" of the 1970s and in the halls of Congress to preserve their right to their traditional fishery. The removal of the two Elwha dams is a key victory in this long struggle. Of the 467 U.S. dams removed since 1912, these are the largest functioning hydroelectric dams to be decommissioned to date; some have hailed this project as a turning point in the fight to restore North American rivers.; Meanwhile, the tribe has been working to come up with solutions for the changes in the river's flow that dam removal will bring. After the dams are removed, silt will wash down the channel and deposit along the river's mouth, raising both the river bottom and the water table. The reservation will no longer be able to use septic systems, so the tribe is looking at a plan to pipe their sewage to the treatment plant in Port Angeles. They are also figuring out how to deliver high-quality water to Port Angeles and the tribe's fish hatcheries. The tribe is already preparing for the salmon's return, constructing fishery plants upstream from the hatcheries. With the electric turbines now turned off, [Robert Elofson] said they hope to have fish coming downstream before the dams are even removed.; With the restoration of Elwha salmon runs, the tribe will finally reap the benefits of the northwest tribes' victory in the fish wars. According to Elofson, the tribe now has the right to harvest half of all harvestable salmon runs. "So with restored runs of Pink, Chum, Coho, Chinook, and Steelhead," he said, "the tribal fisheries and the harvest they take on the river should massively increase the income of tribal members." Although there are costs for the tribe, like 20 years without the tribal fishery and problems with septic and flood control, Elofson believes dam removal is worthy of support from the tribe. When challenged on these concerns by one tribal woman, Elofson said, "I would not want to tell my kids that we had a chance to do this and did not do it." That, according to Elofson, was the last time a tribal member raised concerns about the costs of dam removal..

Anderson, J. "Hope for the Elwha's salmon." Environmental Action 23(2): 6. Vol. 23 Issue 2, p6 2p; 1bw. 0013-922X. (Academic Search Premier).

Considers the removal of two dams built on the Elwha River in Washington state in the early 1900s which block migratory salmon. Currently owned by paper product manufacturer James River Corporation; Intervention of federal regulators or Congress; Cost projected to be under.

Anonymous. (1993). "Fish may recapture a river." ENR 231(21): 1. 0891-9526. (ABI/INFORM).

An Interior Department plan to remove 2 privately owned hydroelectric dams from the Elwha River in Washington state and restore fish runs has widespread public support, according to Olympic National Park officials who recently took final public testimony on the plan.

Anonymous. (1995). "News briefs from NPCA's regional offices." National Parks 69(3-4): 22. Word Count: 1328. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

Reports from the National Parks and Conservation Association's regional offices are presented. The National Park Service withdrew its plan for the south side of Denali National Park in Alaska, and a review of the proposal to build a dam and water treatment plant on Clear Creek, a tributary of the Obed Wild and Scenic River in Tennessee, will be conducted..

Anonymous. (1997). "Dammed if you do." Economist 342(8010): 28-33. ISSN: 0013-0613. (ABI/INFORM).

The debate over tearing down the dams on the Elwha river in Washington state is examined..

Anonymous. (1997). "Elwha Removal Looks for Funds." ENR 238(9): 1. ISSN: 0891-9526. (ABI/INFORM).

Anonymous. (1997). "Letters." Sierra 82(4): 8. Word Count: 1653. San Francisco. ISSN: 01617362. (ProQuest).

Anonymous. (1998). "Deconstructing Deadbeat Dams." Whole Earth 93: 49. Word Count: 197. San Rafael. ISSN: 10975268. (ProQuest).

Anonymous. (1998). "The new dam busters." International Water Power & Dam Construction 50(9): 4. Word Count: 304. Wilmington. ISSN: 0306400X. (ProQuest).

Anonymous. (1999). "Clinton seeks budget funds for Elwha demolition." International Water Power & Dam Construction 51(4): 3. Word Count: 205. Wilmington. ISSN: 0306400X. (ProQuest).

The US White House has allocated USS86M for removal of one of two dams on the Elwha river in Washington's Olympic Peninsula. The two dams, Clines Canyon and Elwha, have been blamed for the disappearance of the once-robust runs of trout and salmon in the Elwha river..

Anonymous. (2000). "Beneficial dam removals." Fly Fisherman 31(4): 39. Word Count: 195. Harrisburg. ISSN: 00154741. (ProQuest).

Anonymous. (2000). "Corrections." Bicycling 41(3): 20. Word Count: 86. New York. ISSN: 00062073. (ProQuest).

Anonymous. (2000). "Glines Canyon dam removal update." International Water Power & Dam Construction 52(3): 10. Word Count: 222. Wilmington. ISSN: 0306400X. (ProQuest).

US Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt has visited the Glines Canyon dam in Washington state, one of two hydro dams on the Elwha river slated for demolition. Babbit said: 'We have irretrievably and inexorably crossed the divide which will result in the removal of these dams and the restoration of the salmon and steelhead runs on the Elwha river.' The two Elwha dams were built more than 70 years ago and do not have fish ladders..

Anonymous. (2000). "Removal of Elwha dams would cause problems." International Water Power & Dam Construction 52(10): 6. Word Count: 185. Wilmington. ISSN: 0306400X. (ProQuest).

The Elwha dams were acquired by the federal government earlier this year for US.

Anonymous. (2006). "Federal Court Lets Klamath Breathe." Econews 36(3): 1. Word Count: 661. Arcata. ISSN: 08857237. (ProQuest).

Anonymous. (2006). "Getting Back to Nature." National Parks 80(3): 36. Word Count: 284. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

The Elwha River Restoration Project is discussed. Passed in 1992, the Elwha Restoration Act required Olympic National Park to restore the river system and its salmon, but by 2004, the federal government's inability to fund the program became apparent, prompting the National Parks Conservation Association to initiate community-based restoration efforts for the Elwha River Restoration Project..

Bard, Richard. (2001). "Removal of Calif. dam could pave way for others." National Fisherman 81(9): 10. Word Count: 285. Portland. ISSN: 00279250. (ProQuest).

Bliton, William S. (1989). "Elwha River dams." Engineering geology in Washington 78: 303-310. illus. incl. sect., geol. sketch maps ; United States Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources. ISSN: 0271-8545. Serial Report. (GeoRefS).

Clarke, John. (1998). "Dam demolition." Sports Afield 219(2): 11. Word Count: 360. New York. ISSN: 00388149. (ProQuest).

Daerr, Elizabeth G. (2000). "NPS to raze two dams on Elwha." National Parks 74(3/4): 15-16. Word Count: 513. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

Eight years after Congress authorized the removal of two dams along the Elwha River in Washington to restore critical salmon habitat through Olympic National Park, the National Park Service is finally able to move ahead and acquire the dams..

Daniels, Stephen H. (1994). "Watershed for BuRec mission." ENR 233(5): 1. 0891-9526. (ABI/INFORM).

Demolition of the Elwha and Glines Canyon hydroelectric dams on Washington's Olympic Peninsula would be the largest exercise of dam removal ever in the US. Taking the dams down is the easy part. Restoring the Elwha River to something near its former condition and placating numerous users has put the Bureau of Reclamation into an unfamiliar role. The privately owned impoundments have despoiled 70 miles of the Elwha River's once prolific salmon fishery..

Daniels, Stephen H. (1999). "Ferc Edict Claims Another One." Enr 243(14): 16. Word Count: 354. SIC: 926110 926130 926110 926130. New York. ISSN: 08919526. (ProQuest).

Portland-based PacificCorp will dismantle the 86-year-old, 123-foot-high Condit Dam on a tributary of the Columbia River in Washington state rather than pay.

Dick, Bernard F. (1997, Spring). "Mountains and Rivers Without End. (Brief Article)."" World Literature Today 71(2): 392. (InfoTrac).

Galster, Richard W. (1989). "Ediz Hook; a case history of coastal erosion and its mitigation." Engineering geology in Washington 78: 1177-1186. illus. incl. 1 table, sketch maps ; United States Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources. ISSN: 0271-8545. Serial Report. (GeoRefS).

Gantenbein, Douglas. (1997). "Let the river run." National Parks 71(1/2): 22-25. Word Count: 2477. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

Two dams on the Elwha River outside of Olympic National Park have blocked the way for spawning salmon. The Clinton Administration is backing the removal of the dams--a project that would perhaps be the most dramatic effort ever to truly rehabilitate a river..

Gantenbein, Douglas. (1998). "The music of the woods." National Parks 72(1/2): 26-29. Word Count: 2246. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

A feasibility study by the National Park Service will help to determine if the gray wolf can be safely reintroduced in Olympic National Park. The wolf was hunted and trapped to near extinction by the 1930s..

Gantenbein, Douglas. (2004). "Swimming upstream." National Parks 78(3): 30-34. Word Count: 1839. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

Historic runs of salmon may soon return to the Elwha River and Olympic National Park if plans proceed to remove two dams that have blocked salmon runs for more than 90 years. Here, Gentenbein details the reasons as to the removal of the two dams across the 48-mile-long Elwha River as well as its impact towards the Olympic National Park. Other accounts highlighting the salmon-producing stream are presented..

Gregory, Stan, Hiram Li, et al. (2002). "The conceptual basis for ecological responses to dam removal." Bioscience 52(8): 713-723. ISSN: 0006-3568. (Basic BIOSIS).

Hamilton, Michelle. (2005). "River Renaissance." Backpacker 33(3): 46. Word Count: 391. New York. ISSN: 0277867X. (ProQuest).

Officials of the Olympic National Park and local officials of Washington signed the.

Harbor, Martin W. Doyle Jon M. (2002). "Making decisions on dams." Bioscience 52(8): 749-750. Word Count: 1337. Washington. ISSN: 00063568. (ProQuest).

"Dam Removal: Science and Decision Making" is reviewed..

Hoke, Franklin. "Salmon De-Damming the Elwha?" Environment 33(5): 24. Vol. 33 Issue 5, p24 1/3p; 1 illustration, 1 cartoon ; PDF Available. ISSN: 0013-9157. (Academic Search Premier).

This article reports on the removal of hydroelectric dams in Elwha River in Washington State in June 1991, to allow chinook salmon to return to upstream areas for spawning. Four federal agencies--the National Park Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the National Marine Fisheries Service--have joined environmentalists and local Elwha Indians in supporting the plan. The proposal was made during the dams' relicensing process as one way to restore the fish runs that have disappeared since the dams went into service. Opponents of the plan, including the owner of the dams and the company whose pulp mill is the sole customer for the electricity produced by them, have proposed, instead, building a fish ladder at the first dam and establishing a trap-and-haul system at the second, higher dam. They say that, otherwise, hundreds of jobs will be lost, with no guarantee that the fish will be able to return to the Elwha's upper reaches after decades of sediment deposition..

Huppert, Daniel D. (1999). "Snake River salmon recovery: Quantifying the costs." Contemporary Economic Policy 17(4): 476-491. Word Count: 8699. Huntington Beach. ISSN: 10743529. (ProQuest).

Economic costs are relevant to endangered species protection in both theory and practice. Recovering endangered Snake River salmon will require modifying public land use, restricting fishing and hatchery production, reducing water for agriculture and altering the operation of hydroelectric dams. The economic costs are estimated to range from.

Joseph, Patrick. (1998). "The battle of the dams." Smithsonian 29(8): 48-61. Word Count: 4540. Washington. ISSN: 00377333. (ProQuest).

Dams such as the Elwha in Washington are causing problems for fish stocks. Some have proposed moving dams to prevent extinction of certain species, but the issue is highly controversial..

Joseph, Patrick and Glenn Oakley. "The Battle of the Dams." Smithsonian 29(8): 48. Vol. 29 Issue 8, p48 12p; 11c. ISSN: 0037-7333. (Academic Search Premier).

Reports on the efforts being made around the United States, during the late 1990s, to demolish various large dams. Impact of the Elwha Dam in Washington State on various species of salmon and trout; Overall environmental impacts of dams; Efforts of government employees to see dams demolished..

Landers, Rich. (1998). "On a roll." Field & Stream 103(1): 14. Word Count: 250. South ed.; Los Angeles. ISSN: 87558602. (ProQuest).

Congress is likely to approve the removal of the Elwha Dam on the Elwha River this year, which will put an end to the uphill battle to restore runs of steelhead and salmon. The project's director predicts that 100-pounders will soon return to the stream..

Lydiard, Harry. (1996, June). "A remarkable grassroots effort: the work of the Elwha Citizens' Advisory Committee. " Voice of the Wild Olympics 4(1). Olympic Park Associates.

"On October 24, 1992, the President of the United States signed the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act, and the forces of conservation won a signal victory. Or so we thought...."

Malakoff, David A. (1997). "Agency says dam should come down." Science 277(5327): 762. Word Count: 681. (ProQuest).

The staff of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has recommended that the Edwards Dam come down. Edwards Manufacturing, the owner of the dam, may challenge the government's authority to regulate the dam out of existence..

McManus, Reed. (1998). "Down come the dams." Sierra 83(3): 16-17. Word Count: 701. San Francisco. ISSN: 01617362. (ProQuest).

Around the US, dams are falling like dominoes in the name of river restoration. The Quaker Neck Dam on the Neuse River in North Carolina was removed in December, making it the first large dam in the US to be dismantled in an effort to rescue fisheries and renew a river..

Morrison, Jim. (2000). "The good flood." Compressed Air 105(1): 32. Word Count: 2968. Washington. ISSN: 00104426. (ProQuest).

Murr, Andrew. (1999). "The river runs through it." Newsweek 134(2): 46. Word Count: 440. New York. ISSN: 00289604. (ProQuest).

Many aging dams kill millions of valuable salmon migrating to sea. As a result, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is refusing to relicense dams where the environmental costs outweigh the value of the hydropower, and many dams are being removed to restore rivers..

Nash, J. Madeleine. (2005). "Is This Worth a Dam?" Time 166(3): 58-60. Word Count: 1623. New York. ISSN: 0040781X. (ProQuest).

The O'Shaughnessy falls into a different category, and not just because it's so big. It's also quite useful: the cool, clear water it impounds flows to some 2.4 million people and 75,000 businesses in the San Francisco Bay Area, and the power generated by that water's downhill rush supplies electricity to such vital operations as San Francisco's schools, municipal-transit system and international airport..

O Connell, Kim A. (1996). "1997 budget to be approved." National Parks 70(9-10): 13. Word Count: 204. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

The Senate is considering an appropriations bill for the Department of the Interior and related agencies, including the National Park Service, for 1997. The bill would provide.

Peterson, Brenda. (2006). "Resurfacing." National Parks 80(3): 32-38. Word Count: 1836. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

Female orcas can live to be 90, and male's life expectancy is about 60. But these numbers are falling as the perils facing orcas at San Juan Island and Olympic National Parks continue to increase. Among the dangers are the fish farms that have sprouted up to meet the international demand for salmon, which has exposed endangered native salmon to sea lice, which can kill immature fish. Here, Peterson discusses the attempt at saving the orcas of the Pacific Northwest..

Reisner, Marc. "Coming Undammed." Audubon 100(5): 58. Vol. 100 Issue 5, p58 8p. 0097-7136. (Academic Search Premier).

Presents information pertaining to the Elwha and the Glines Canyon dams which are located on Washington's Elwha River. Description of the dams; Historical information on the construction of dams since 1925; Ecological consequences of dam building; Reference to the habitation of the dams. INSET: Going?...Going...and Gone..

Reisner, Marc. (1998). "Coming undammed." Audubon 100(5): 58-65. Word Count: 3558. New York. ISSN: 00977136. (ProQuest).

Some of the thousands of dams erected over the past 75 years are coming down as concerns over the adverse environmental effects of some of them become more clear. A number of dams at the center of the debate are examined..

Robbins, Elaine. (1999). "Damning dams." E 10(1): 14-15. Word Count: 1139. the Environmental Magazine; Norwalk. ISSN: 10468021. (ProQuest).

Environmental activists throughout the US are trying to dismantle dams in an effort to restore rivers to their original flow. In many cases, the benefits of dams do not justify the damage done to fisheries and ecosystems..

Robbins, Elaine. (1999). "Damning Dams: Is One of the Greatest Engineering Marvels of the Industrial Age Becoming Obsolete?" E 10(1): 14. Word Count: 1128. the Environmental Magazine; Norwalk. ISSN: 10468021. (ProQuest).

Why the seemingly sudden shift? In many cases, the benefits don't justify the damage to fisheries and river ecoystems. Studies in Cambodia, Canada, Laos, Thailand, Brazil and many other countries concluded that dams have a significant effect on fisheries--disrupting migratory fish patterns and spawning habits. On the Columbia River in the American West, for example, the estimated cost of losses to salmon fisheries between 1960 and 1980 was.

Rochon, Yvon. (1996). "Dam removal seen as boost to Clallam economy." Puget Sound Business Journal: 1. Word Count: 1141. Seattle. ISSN: 87507757. (ProQuest).

Yvon Rochon is the president of the Elwha Dam Removal Fund, a recently formed Seattle-based nonprofit organization. He may be reached at (206) 731-8488..

Rodgers, Lori M. (1991). "Hydropower Licensing Authority Struggles." Public Utilities Fortnightly 127(11): 27. Word Count: 1216. Washington. ISSN: 00333808. (ProQuest).

Hydropower often has been praised as a natural, nonpolluting, renewable means of generating electricity, but fish and wildlife champions are increasingly opposing hydropower both at the initial licensing and construction stage and at the relicensing stage. Congress and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) are concerned with ensuring fair treatment to all parties. One issue is whether the federal government or individual states should control project licensing and regulation. Once a hydro plant is in place, there is some question as to who has authority to set operating conditions, including minimum downstream flows. In California versus FERC (1990), the Supreme Court upheld the FERC's exclusive authority to set such conditions on hydroelectric projects on interstate and navigable waterways. In response, Idaho's congressional delegation has introduced legislation that would amend the Federal Power Act and thus reverse the Court's decision. The National Hydropower Association and the American Public Power Association oppose the Idaho proposals.

Rose, Doug and Don Kaas. (2006). "Olympic National Park." Fly Fisherman 38(1): 26-29,56,58. Word Count: 2969. Harrisburg. ISSN: 00154741. (ProQuest).

The hulk of its 900.000 acres encompasses a core of glacier-flanked mountains, and its western rainforest valleys drain into a 60-mile reach of Pacific Coast seashore, most of it roadless wilderness, hach of these ecosystems supports diverse populations offish. Miking anglers lake trout from scores of mountain lakes and the Lilwha River, arguably the finest rainbow trout water in western Washington. Hatchery fish hound for the Quinault tribe hatchery on the Salmon River, a lower Queets tributary, attract large crowds of conventional anglers during early winter, but the upper river is much less crowded later in the spring..

Ross, Chris. "Dammed if they do un-dammed if they don't." American City & County 108(12): 38. Vol. 108 Issue 12, p38 6p; 4c. 0149-337X. (Academic Search Premier).

Focuses on the debate over Congress' decision whether or not to fund the restoration of the Elwha River in Washington. Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act's provision for the tearing down of two dams; Fear that the legislation is a precedent for the removal of more dams around the country; Concern of environmentalists. INSETS: Cooperation is key in El Paso's..., by Armando Gonzalez; Passing the taste test, by Donald Gay, Richard Gell..

Ross, Chris. (1993). "Dammed if they do un-dammed if they don't." American City & County 108(12): 6. 0149-337X. (ABI/INFORM).

When Congress passed the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act in 1992, it was reported that the 2 dams which have blocked the Olympic Peninsula River since 1913 would be coming down so that the salmon fishery long used by the native Americans of northwest Washington could be restored to its former productivity. Media accounts detailed the fear that the legislation would set a dangerous precedent for removal of more dams throughout the US, at a time when the demand for electricity from clean, renewable hydroelectric power has never been higher. The most likely scenario for northwest dams, and the one that has nearly universal support from all concerned parties, is the negotiated settlement. The best example of how that will work on a large scale is also one of the first - the 3 large dams on the Skagit Hydro Project owned by Seattle City Light. Faced with a major battle over the licensing, the Federal Energy and Regulatory Commission issued only annual licenses and directed the utility to sit down with the various groups contesting relicensure to come up with an agreement.

Simpson, John. (1994). "Dam owners blast FERC relicensing inquiry." Fortnightly 132(5): 40. Word Count: 762. Arlington. ISSN: 10746099. (ProQuest).

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has launched an inquiry into whether, and under what conditions, the agency should be permitted to compel the decommissioning and removal of hydroelectric dams. Although the Federal Power Act specifically addresses what will happen to a dam after its useful life has expired, the FERC now has decided it might like to take a more proactive role in dam decommissioning. Concerned that the current decommissioning policy may leave taxpayers at undue risk to pay such expenditures, the FERC apparently would like to make dam owners stipulate ahead of time how projects will be dismantled and who will pay for them. In theory and in practice, the FERC has 4 options at the dam relicensing stage, including: 1. It may issue a new license to the existing licensee or a new licensee. 2. It may recommend a federal takeover, accompanied by payment of the net investment of the license..

Soast, Allen, Harriet King, et al. (1990). "Fish Spawn Hydro Licensing Fights." ENR 225(6): 2. 0891-9526. (ABI/INFORM).

Fish are making a dramatic impact on hydropower dams by inhibiting the construction of new projects and obstructing the relicensing of dams already in operation. In Washington State, a current dispute involves whether 2 aging dams operated by forestry products company James River Corp. should be removed so that king salmon can again make their way up the Elwha River. Fish are having an impact on larger federal projects in the Northwest US as well. For example, the Corps of Engineers has committed.

Stiak, Jim. (1992). "Swim Free or Die." Sierra 77(3): 48. Word Count: 793. San Francisco. ISSN: 01617362. (ProQuest).

Since two dams were built on the Elwha River of northwest Washington in the early 20th century, the salmon population has plunged by 90%. Efforts by several powerful organizations, including the Sierra Club and the Department of the Interior, to convince the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to remove the dams are described..

Tweit, Susan. (2006). "Can-It We Just Blow It Up? - Nope The nation's biggest dam removal project proves there's a lot more to restoring Washington's Elwha River than just tearing down a massive, crumbling wall of concrete." Popular mechanics: 4. Popular Mechanics Co., English. ISSN: 0032-4558. (Article First).

Tweit, Susan. (2006). "Can't We Just Blow It up?" Popular Mechanics 183(2): 64. Vol. 183 Issue 2, p64 4p; 4c. 0032-4558. (Academic Search Premier).

The article presents information on the deconstruction of the Elwha Dam on Washington's Elwha River. The Elwha River Restoration Project, scheduled to begin in 2008, represents an extraordinary about-face in a nation that has been swiftly erecting dams since before the Declaration of Independence was signed. Because of growing pressure from conservation groups, fishermen, tribal councils, and state and federal agencies, more dams are now being considered for removal in the United States than are being built. The article also presents 5 phases of the Elwha dam as the most complex part of the three-year project...

Vlahos, James. (2004). "Into the Great Wild Open." National Geographic Adventure 6(4): 56-60,63-70. Word Count: 6737. Washington. ISSN: 15236226. (ProQuest).

Vlahos presents 10 insider game plans for the ultimate national park trip..

Warshall, Peter. (1995). "With respect to water." The Whole Earth Review 85: 14. Word Count: 1833. Sausalito. ISSN: 07495056. (ProQuest).

River activist Juliette Majot is interviewed. Majot is the editor of the International Rivers Network's quarterly publication, "World Rivers Review.".

Wheeler, Tim. (2005). "American Indians pull with pride in 'Paddle to Elwha'." People's Weekly World 20(12): 10. Word Count: 1858. National Edition; New York. ISSN: (ProQuest).

David Hudson, hereditary chief of the Quileute Tribe of LaPush, stood on the beach beaming with joy. "That's my son, my daughter, my nieces and nephews in the Quileute dugout there," he told the World, pointing toward a handsome canoe riding a few feet offshore. "They came all the way from La-Push on the Pacific Ocean around Cape Flattery into the Strait. They camped at night, at Wyaatch, Neah Bay, Clallam Bay, Pillar Point. They carried no modern navigational equipment. No cell phones."; The waterborne ingathering won national attention in 1989 when nine canoes joined the "Paddle to Seattle," a centerpiece of the centennial of the founding of Seattle. One of those canoes was skippered by Frank Brown of the Bella Bella tribe of British Columbia. He threw down a challenge to tribes in the U.S. to "Paddle to Bella Bella" in 1993. It was a triumphant success.; A team of archaeologists, including more than 100 Klallam tribal members, established an archaeological dig to painstakingly sift for more intact graves and to preserve the human remains and artifacts. It is now recognized as the most important archaeological site in the Pacific Northwest since the discovery in 1970 of the Ozette landslide site on a remote stretch of the Pacific coast. (A Makah Indian village had been inundated, instantly, in a landslide 800 years ago, preserving everything so perfectly it was called the "Pompei of North America." Artifacts from the Ozette site are now housed in a splendid museum in Neah Bay. See "Makah Indians Defend Their Treaty Rights," PWW, May 12, 2000)..

Williams, Ted. (1993). "Freeing the Kennebec River." Audubon 95(5): 36. Word Count: 3445. New York. ISSN: 00977136. (ProQuest).

Edwards Dam, which blocks fish migration and stagnates the Kennebec River in Maine for 15 mi, is licensed by the FERC. FERC has made it clear that getting rid of Edwards Dam, which many environmentalists advocate, will take a long time..

Wuerthner, George. (2001). "Going native." National Parks 75(7/8): 30-33. Word Count: 2366. Washington. ISSN: 02768186. (ProQuest).

After years of stocking nonnative fish to bolster recreational opportunities, the National Park Service has abandoned these practices and begun programs to restore and conserve native species at national parks throughout the country. Fish are among the nation's most endangered animal groups..